Editing Fall of man (section)

{{Short description|Adam and Eve's loss of innocence in the Abrahamic religions}}
[[File:Temptation Adam Eva.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Adam (Bible)|Adam]], [[Eve]], and a female [[Serpents in the Bible|serpent]] at the entrance to [[Notre Dame Cathedral]] in [[Paris]], [[France]]. The depiction of the serpent as a mirror of Eve was common in earlier [[Christian iconography]], which portrayed women as the source of the [[original sin]] and responsible for the fall of man.<ref name="Kvam 1999"/>]]

The '''fall of man''', the '''fall of Adam''', or simply '''the Fall''', is a term used in [[Christianity]] to describe the transition of the first man and woman from a state of innocent obedience to [[God in Christianity|God]] to a state of guilty disobedience.<ref name="Kvam 1999">
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Kvam |editor1-first=Kristen E. |editor2-last=Schearing |editor2-first=Linda S. |editor3-last=Ziegler |editor3-first=Valarie H. |year=1999 |chapter=Hebrew Bible Accounts |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux3bSDa2rHkC&pg=PA15 |title=Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender |location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]] |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |pages=15–40 |doi=10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.5 |isbn=9780253212719 |jstor=j.ctt2050vqm.5}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Kvam |editor1-first=Kristen E. |editor2-last=Schearing |editor2-first=Linda S. |editor3-last=Ziegler |editor3-first=Valarie H. |year=1999 |chapter=Jewish Postbiblical Interpretations (200 BCE–200 CE) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux3bSDa2rHkC&pg=PA41 |title=Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender |location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]] |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |pages=41–68 |doi=10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.6 |isbn=9780253212719 |jstor=j.ctt2050vqm.6}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Kvam |editor1-first=Kristen E. |editor2-last=Schearing |editor2-first=Linda S. |editor3-last=Ziegler |editor3-first=Valarie H. |year=1999 |chapter=Early Christian Interpretations (50–450 CE) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux3bSDa2rHkC&pg=PA108 |title=Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender |location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]] |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |pages=108–155 |doi=10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.8 |isbn=9780253212719 |jstor=j.ctt2050vqm.8}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Kvam |editor1-first=Kristen E. |editor2-last=Schearing |editor2-first=Linda S. |editor3-last=Ziegler |editor3-first=Valarie H. |year=1999 |chapter=Medieval Readings: Muslim, Jewish, and Christian (600–1500 CE) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ux3bSDa2rHkC&pg=PA156 |title=Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender |location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]] |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |pages=156–248 |doi=10.2307/j.ctt2050vqm.9 |isbn=9780253212719 |jstor=j.ctt2050vqm.9}}</ref> The doctrine of the Fall comes from a [[biblical interpretation]] of [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]], chapters 1–3.<ref name="Kvam 1999"/> At first, [[Adam and Eve]] lived with God in the [[Garden of Eden]], but the [[Serpents in the Bible|serpent]] tempted them into [[Taboo#In religion and mythology|eating]] the [[Forbidden fruit|fruit]] from the [[tree of knowledge of good and evil]], which God had forbidden.<ref name="Kvam 1999"/> After doing so, they became ashamed of their nakedness and God expelled them from the Garden to prevent them from eating the fruit of the [[Tree of life (biblical)|tree of life]] and becoming [[Immortality|immortal]].<ref name="Kvam 1999"/>

In [[Nicene Christianity|mainstream (Nicene) Christianity]], the doctrine of the Fall is closely related to that of [[original sin]] or [[ancestral sin]].<ref name="Tuling 2020">{{cite book |author-last=Tuling |author-first=Kari H. |year=2020 |chapter=PART 1: Is God the Creator and Source of All Being—Including Evil? |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzfsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 |editor-last=Tuling |editor-first=Kari H. |title=Thinking about God: Jewish Views |location=[[Lincoln, Nebraska|Lincoln]] and [[Philadelphia]] |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]]/[[Jewish Publication Society]] |series=JPS Essential Judaism Series |pages=3–64 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv13796z1.5 |isbn=978-0-8276-1848-0 |s2cid=241611417 |lccn=2019042781}}</ref> Nicene Christians believe that the Fall brought sin into the world, corrupting the entire natural world, including [[human nature]], causing all humans to be born into original sin, a state from which they cannot attain [[Eternal life (Christianity)|eternal life]] without the [[Grace (Christianity)|grace of God]]. The [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] accepts the concept of the Fall but rejects the idea that the guilt of original sin is passed down through generations, based in part on the passage Ezekiel 18:20,<ref>{{bibleverse|Ezekiel|18:20}}</ref> which says a son is not guilty of the sins of his father.

[[Reformed Protestants]] believe that [[Jesus]] gave his life as a [[Atonement (satisfaction view)|sacrifice]] for the [[Unconditional election|elect]], that they may be [[Salvation in Christianity|redeemed]] from their sin. [[Lapsarianism]], understanding the [[logical order of God's decrees]] in relation to the Fall, is divided into two categories: [[supralapsarian]] (prelapsarian, pre-lapsarian or antelapsarian, before the Fall) and [[infralapsarian]] (sublapsarian or postlapsarian, after the Fall).

The narrative of the Garden of Eden and the fall of humanity constitute a [[Mythology|mythological tradition]] shared by all the [[Abrahamic religions]],<ref name="Kvam 1999"/><ref name="Leeming 2003">{{cite journal |author-last=Leeming |author-first=David A. |author-link=David Adams Leeming |date=June 2003 |title=Religion and Sexuality: The Perversion of a Natural Marriage |editor-last=Carey |editor-first=Lindsay B. |journal=[[Journal of Religion and Health]] |publisher=[[Springer Verlag]] |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=101–109 |doi=10.1023/A:1023621612061 |issn=1573-6571 |jstor=27511667 |s2cid=38974409}}</ref><ref name="Awn 1983">{{cite book |author-last=Awn |author-first=Peter J. |year=1983 |chapter=Mythic Biography |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jt-mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |title=Satan's Tragedy and Redemption: Iblīs in Sufi Psychology |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Numen Book Series |volume=44 |pages=18–56 |doi=10.1163/9789004378636_003 |isbn=978-90-04-37863-6 |issn=0169-8834}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Muhammad |last=Mahmoud |title=The Creation Story in 'Sūrat Al-Baqara", with Special Reference to Al-Ṭabarī's Material: An Analysis |journal=Journal of Arabic Literature |volume=26 |issue=1/2 |year=1995 |pages=201–214 |doi=10.1163/157006495X00175 |jstor=4183374 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4183374|url-access=subscription }}</ref> with a presentation more or less symbolic of [[Judeo-Christian]] morals and religious beliefs,<ref name="Kvam 1999"/><ref name="Leeming 2003"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01129a.htm|title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Adam|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref> which had an overwhelming impact on [[Religion and sexuality#Abrahamic religions|human sexuality]], [[Gender role#Religion|gender roles]], and [[Sex differences in humans#Religion|sex differences]] both in the [[Western world|Western]] and [[Muslim world|Islamic]] civilizations.<ref name="Kvam 1999"/> Unlike Christianity, the other major Abrahamic religions, [[Judaism]] and [[Islam]], do not have a concept of "original sin", and instead have developed varying other interpretations of the Eden narrative.<ref name="Kvam 1999"/><ref name="Tuling 2020"/><ref name="Awn 1983"/><ref name="JVL">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Kolatch |first=Alfred J. |author-link=Alfred J. Kolatch |year=2021 |orig-year=1989 |title=Issues in Jewish Ethics: Judaism's Rejection of Original Sin |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/judaism-s-rejection-of-original-sin |encyclopedia=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |publisher=American–Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE) |access-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009013353/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/judaism-s-rejection-of-original-sin |archive-date=9 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Jarrar 2017">{{cite book |author-last=Jarrar |author-first=Maher |year=2017 |chapter=Strategies for Paradise: Paradise Virgins and Utopia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_MoDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA271 |editor1-last=Günther |editor1-first=Sebastian |editor2-last=Lawson |editor2-first=Todd |title=Roads to Paradise: Eschatology and Concepts of the Hereafter in Islam |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |pages=271–294 |series=Islamic History and Civilization |volume=136 |doi=10.1163/9789004333154_013 |isbn=978-90-04-33315-4 |issn=0929-2403 |lccn=2016047258}}</ref><ref name="EoQ">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Johns |author-first=Anthony Hearle |year=2006 |title=Fall of Man |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]] |volume=II |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00147 |isbn=90-04-14743-8}}</ref>