Editing Fast mapping (section)

{{Short description|Term used in cognitive psychology}}
In [[cognitive psychology]], '''fast mapping''' is the term used for the hypothesized mental process whereby a new concept is learned (or a new hypothesis formed) based only on minimal exposure to a given unit of information (e.g., one exposure to a word in an informative context where its referent is present).  Fast mapping is thought by some researchers to be particularly important during [[language acquisition]] in young children, and may serve (at least in part) to explain the prodigious rate at which children gain vocabulary. In order to successfully use the fast mapping process, a child must possess the ability to use "referent selection" and "referent retention" of a novel word. There is evidence that this can be done by children as young as two years old, even with the constraints of minimal time and several distractors.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Chad Spiegel |author2=Justin Halberda|url=http://www.psy.jhu.edu/~labforchilddevelopment/pdf_files/Spiegal%20Halberda%202011.pdf|title=Rapid fast-mapping abilities in 2-year-olds|journal=Journal of Experimental Child Psychology|volume=109|issue=1|pages=132–40|year=2010|access-date=23 January 2014|doi=10.1016/j.jecp.2010.10.013|pmid=21145067}}</ref> Previous research in fast mapping has also shown that children are able to retain a newly learned word for a substantial amount of time after they are subjected to the word for the first time (Carey and Bartlett, 1978). Further research by Markson and Bloom (1997), showed that children can remember a novel word a week after it was presented to them even with only one exposure to the novel word. While children have also displayed the ability to have equal recall for other types of information, such as novel facts, their ability to extend the information seems to be unique to novel words. This suggests that fast mapping is a specified mechanism for [[word learning]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Behrend, D.A. |author2=Scofield, J. |author3=Kleinknecht, E.E.|title=Beyond fast mapping: Young children's extensions of novel words and novel facts|journal=Developmental Psychology|year=2001|volume=37|issue=5|pages=698–705|doi=10.1037/0012-1649.37.5.698|pmid=11552764}}</ref> The process was first formally articulated and the term 'fast mapping' coined [[Susan Carey]] and Elsa Bartlett in 1978.<ref name="Carey">{{cite conference|author1=Carey, S.  |author2=Bartlett, E. |name-list-style=amp |year=1978|title=Acquiring a single new word|conference=Proceedings of the Stanford Child Language Conference|volume=15|pages=17–29}} (Republished in Papers and Reports on Child Language Development 15, 17–29.)</ref>