Editing Figure skating jumps (section)

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|-
! colspan=2 | ISU abbreviations
|-
! 1Eu || [[Euler jump]]
|-
! T || [[Toe loop jump|Toe loop]]
|-
! F || [[Flip jump|Flip]]
|-
! Lz || [[Lutz jump|Lutz]]
|-
! S || [[Salchow jump|Salchow]]
|-
! Lo || [[Loop jump|Loop]]
|-
! A || [[Axel jump|Axel]]
|}

'''Figure skating jumps''' are an element of three competitive [[figure skating]] disciplines: [[Single skating|men's singles, women's singles]], and [[pair skating]]{{snd}}but not [[ice dancing]].{{Efn|Women were referred to as ladies in ISU regulations and communications until the [[2021–22 figure skating season|2021–22 season]].<ref>{{cite press release |date= 30 June 2021 |title= Results of Proposals in replacement of the 58th Ordinary ISU Congress 2021 |url= https://www.isu.org/media-centre/press-releases/2021-2/25944-results-of-proposals-in-replacement-of-the-58th-ordinary-isu-congress-2021/file |location= Lausanne, Switzerland |publisher= International Skating Union |accessdate= 20 July 2022 |archive-date= 10 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211010102826/https://isu.org/media-centre/press-releases/2021-2/25944-results-of-proposals-in-replacement-of-the-58th-ordinary-isu-congress-2021/file |url-status= dead }}</ref>}} Jumping in figure skating is "relatively recent".{{Sfn|Hines|2011|p=131}} They were originally individual [[compulsory figures]], and sometimes [[special figures]]; many jumps were named after the skaters who invented them or from the figures from which they were developed. Jumps may be performed individually or in combination with each other.

It was not until the early part of the 20th century, well after the establishment of organized skating competitions, when jumps with the potential of being completed with multiple revolutions were invented and when jumps were formally categorized. In the 1920s, Austrian skaters began to perform the first double jumps in practice. Skaters experimented with jumps, and by the end of the period, the modern repertoire of jumps had been developed. Jumps did not have a major role in free skating programs during international competitions until the 1930s. During the post-war period and into the 1950s and early 1960s, triple jumps became more common for both male and female skaters, and a full repertoire of two-revolution jumps had been fully developed. In the 1980s, men were expected to complete four or five difficult triple jumps, and women had to perform the easier triples. By the 1990s, after compulsory figures were removed from competitions, multi-revolution jumps became more important in figure skating.

The six most common jumps can be divided into two groups: toe jumps (the [[Toe loop jump|toe loop]], the [[Flip jump|flip]], and the [[Lutz jump|Lutz]]) and edge jumps (the [[Salchow jump|Salchow]], the [[Loop jump|loop]], and the [[Axel jump|Axel]]). The [[Euler jump]], which was known as a half-loop before 2018, is an edge jump. Jumps are also classified by the number of revolutions. Pair skaters perform two types of jumps: side-by-side jumps, in which jumps are accomplished side by side and in unison, and throw jumps, in which the woman performs the jump when assisted and propelled by her partner.

According to the [[International Skating Union]] (ISU), jumps must have the following characteristics to earn the most points: they must have "very good height and very good length";<ref name="ISU 2258">{{cite web | title=ISU Communication 2258 Single and Pair Skating | url=https://isu.org/inside-isu/isu-communications/communications/31153-isu-communication-2558/file |date= 26 April 2023|access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref> they must be executed effortlessly, including the rhythm demonstrated during jump combinations; and they must have good takeoffs and landings. The following are not required, but also taken into consideration: there must be steps executed before the beginning of the jump, or it must have either a creative or unexpected entry; the jump must match the music; and the skater must have, from the jump's takeoff to its landing, a "very good body position".<ref name="ISU 2258"/> A jump combination is executed when a skater's landing foot of the first jump is also the takeoff foot of the following jump.{{Snf|Kestnbaum|2003|p=289}}<ref name="TechRules 2022"/>{{rp|Rule 610}} All jumps are considered in the order they are completed. Pair teams, both juniors and seniors, must perform one solo jump during their [[Short program (figure skating)|short programs]].

The execution of a jump is divided into eight parts: the set-up, load, transition, pivot, takeoff, flight, landing, and exit. All jumps except the Axel and waltz jumps are taken off while skating backward; Axels and waltz jumps are entered into by skating forward. A skater's body absorbs up to 13–14 g-forces on landing a jump,{{Sfn|Cabell|Bateman|2018|p=35}} which may contribute to overuse injuries and stress fractures. Factors such as [[angular momentum]], the [[moment of inertia]], [[angular acceleration]], and the skater's [[center of mass]] determines if a jump is successfully completed. Skaters add variations or unusual entries and exits to jumps to increase difficulty.