Editing Fiqh (section)

{{Short description|Islamic jurisprudence}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Arabicterm
 |arabic={{large|{{Naskh|{{wikt-lang|ar|فقه}}}}}}
 |arabic_rom={{Transliteration|ar|fiqh}}
 |native pronunciation={{IPA|ar|fiqh|}}
 |literal meaning="deep understanding"<br/>"full comprehension"
}}
{{Fiqh |width=19.0em}}
{{Islam |texts |width=19.75em}}

'''''Fiqh''''' ({{IPAc-en|f|iː|k}};<ref>[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/fiqh "fiqh"]. ''[[Collins English Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{langx|ar|فقه}}) is the term for [[Islam]]ic [[jurisprudence]].<ref name="Fiqh">[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/207723/fiqh Fiqh] Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> ''Fiqh'' is often described as the style of human understanding, research and practices of the [[sharia]];<ref name=vogel>{{cite book|last=Vogel|first=Frank E.|title=Islamic Law and the Legal System of Saudí: Studies of Saudi Arabia|date=2000|publisher=Brill|pages=4–5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-PfDuvnHMGoC&q=vogel+islamic+law|isbn=9004110623}}</ref> that is, human understanding of the divine Islamic law as revealed in the [[Quran]] and the [[sunnah]] (the teachings and practices of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] and his companions). Fiqh expands and develops Shariah through interpretation (''[[ijtihad]]'') of the Quran and ''Sunnah'' by Islamic jurists (''[[ulama]]'')<ref name=vogel/> and is implemented by the rulings (''[[fatwa]]'') of jurists on questions presented to them. Thus, whereas ''sharia'' is considered immutable and infallible by Muslims, ''fiqh'' is considered fallible and changeable. ''Fiqh'' deals with the observance of rituals, morals and social legislation in Islam as well as economic and political system. In the modern era, there are four prominent schools (''[[madh'hab]]'') of ''fiqh'' within [[Sunni]] practice, plus two (or three) within [[Shi'a]] practice. A person trained in ''fiqh'' is known as a ''[[faqīh]]'' ({{plural form}}: ''fuqaha'').<ref>Glasse, Cyril, ''The New Encyclopedia of Islam'', Altamira, 2001, p. 141</ref>

Figuratively, ''fiqh'' means knowledge about Islamic legal rulings from their sources. Deriving religious rulings from their sources requires the ''[[mujtahid]]'' (an individual who exercises ''ijtihad'') to have a deep understanding in the different discussions of jurisprudence.

The studies of ''fiqh'' are traditionally divided into ''Uṣūl al-fiqh'' ([[principles of Islamic jurisprudence]], lit. the roots of fiqh, alternatively transliterated as ''Usool al-fiqh''), the methods of legal interpretation and analysis; and ''Furūʿ al-fiqh'' (lit. the branches of fiqh), the elaboration of rulings on the basis of these principles.{{sfn|Calder|2009}}{{sfn|Schneider|2014}} ''Furūʿ al-fiqh'' is the product of the application of ''Uṣūl al-fiqh'' and the total product of human efforts at understanding the divine will. A ''[[hukm]]'' ({{plural form}}: ''aḥkām'') is a particular ruling in a given case.