Editing French protectorate in Morocco (section)

{{short description|1912–1956 protectorate in northwest Africa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Missing information|Moroccan National Movement|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name            = {{native name|fr|Protectorat français au Maroc}}<br />{{native name|ar|الحماية الفرنسية في المغرب}}{{br}}<small>''Al-himaya al-faransia fi al-maghrib''</small>
| conventional_long_name = French protectorate in Morocco
| era                    = [[Interwar period]]
| status                 = [[Protectorate]] of [[French Third Republic|France]]
| empire                 = France
| life_span              = 1912–1956
| event_start            = [[Treaty of Fes]]
| year_start             = 1912
| date_start             = 30 March
| event_end              = Independence
| year_end               = 1956<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maroc.ma/en/content/national-holidays-religious-holidays|title=National Holidays & Religious Holidays|date=4 October 2013|website=Maroc.ma|access-date=24 June 2016|archive-date=27 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927180825/http://www.maroc.ma/en/content/national-holidays-religious-holidays|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| date_end               = 7 April
| event1                 = 
| date_event1            = 
| event2                 = 
| date_event2            = 
| event_post             = 
| date_post              = 
| p1                     = Alawi Sultanate{{!}}{{nobr|Sultanate of Morocco}}
| flag_p1                = Flag of Morocco (1666–1915).svg
| s1                     = Morocco{{!}}{{nobr|Kingdom of Morocco}}
| flag_s1                = Flag of Morocco.svg
| image_flag             = Merchant flag of French Morocco.svg
| flag                   = Flag of Morocco
| flag_type              = Merchant Ensign
| flag_alt               = Flag<ref>Bulletin officiel de l'Empire chérifien, vol. 4, no 162, 29 November 1915, p. 838 [http://81.192.52.100/BO/Fr/1915/BO_162_Fr.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301215917/http://81.192.52.100/BO/fr/1915/bo_162_fr.pdf |date=1 March 2014}}</ref>
| image_coat             = Coat of arms of Morocco (Protectorate).svg
| symbol_type_article    = Coat of arms of Morocco
| coa_size               = 
| image_map              = French conquest of Morocco.png
| image_map_size         = 288px
| image_map_caption      = The French conquest of Morocco, {{circa|1907}}–1927<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peGyku_eREkC&q=map&pg=PR8|title=A History of Modern Morocco|first=Susan Gilson|last=Miller|date=15 April 2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9780521810708}}</ref>
| national_anthem        = {{center|''[[La Marseillaise]]'' (''[[de facto]]'')<br>[[File:La Marseillaise.ogg]]<br />''[[Cherifian Anthem]]''<br />{{native name|ar|النشيد الشريف|nolink=on}}<br />[[File:National Anthem of Morocco.ogg]]<br />(traditional, instrumental only)}}
| capital                = [[Rabat]]
| official_languages     = [[French language|French]]
| common_languages       = {{plainlist|
*[[Moroccan Arabic]]
*[[Hassaniya Arabic]]
*[[Berber languages]]
}}
| religion               = [[Sunni Islam]]<br>[[Judaism]]<br>[[Roman Catholicism]]
| government_type        = [[Absolute monarchy]]<br/>(under [[Protectorate|colonial administration]])
| title_leader           = [[List of rulers of Morocco|Sultan]]
| leader1                = [[Yusef of Morocco|Yusef]]
| year_leader1           = 1912–1927
| leader2                = [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Mohammed V]]
| year_leader2           = 1927–1953
| leader3                = {{nowrap|[[Mohammed Ben Aarafa|Mohammed VI]]{{efn|group=infobox|[[Mohammed Ben Aarafa]] was put in place by the French as "Mohammed VI" after his predecessor was ousted by them but was not recognized in the [[Spanish protectorate in Morocco|Spanish-protected part of Morocco]]}}}}
| year_leader3           = 1953–1955
| leader4                = [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Mohammed V]]
| year_leader4           = 1955–1956
| title_representative   = [[List of French residents-general in Morocco|Resident-General]]
| representative1        = [[Hubert Lyautey]]
| year_representative1   = 1912–1925 (first)
| representative2        = [[André Louis Dubois]]
| year_representative2   = 1955–1956 (last)
| currency               = [[Moroccan rial]]<br>(1912–1921)<br>[[Moroccan franc]]<br>(1921–1956)<br>[[French franc]]<br>(''de facto'' official)
| footnotes              = 
| demonym                = 
| area_km2               = 
| area_rank              = 
| GDP_PPP                = 
| GDP_PPP_year           = 
| HDI                    = 
| HDI_year               = 
| today                  = 
}}

The '''French protectorate in Morocco''',<ref>({{langx|fr|Protectorat français au Maroc}}; {{langx|ar|الحماية الفرنسية في المغرب}})</ref> also known as '''French Morocco''', was the period of French colonial rule in [[Morocco]] that lasted from 1912 to 1956.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Miller, Susan Gilson.|title=A history of modern Morocco|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-62469-5|location=New York|oclc=855022840}}</ref> The [[protectorate]] was officially established 30 March 1912, when [[List of rulers of Morocco|Sultan]] [[Abd al-Hafid of Morocco|Abd al-Hafid]] signed the [[Treaty of Fez]], though the French [[French conquest of Morocco|military occupation]] of Morocco had begun with the invasion of [[Oujda]] and the [[Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)|bombardment of Casablanca]] in 1907.<ref name=":4" />

The French protectorate lasted until the dissolution of the Treaty of Fez on 2 March 1956, with the Franco-Moroccan Joint Declaration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/ma1956.htm#D%25E9claration_commune_franco-marocaine_du_|title=Indépendance du Maroc, 1956, MJP|website=mjp.univ-perp.fr|access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref> Morocco's independence movement, described in Moroccan historiography as the [[Revolution of the King and the People]], restored the exiled [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Mohammed V]] but it did not end the French presence in Morocco. France preserved its influence in the country, including a right to station French troops and to have a say in Morocco's foreign policy. French settlers also maintained their rights and property.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ikeda |first1=Ryo |title=The Paradox of Independence: The Maintenance of Influence and the French Decision to Transfer Power in Morocco |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |date=December 2007 |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=569–592 |doi=10.1080/03086530701667526|s2cid=153965067}}</ref>

While the agreements with France had provided for interdependent foreign relations, Franco-Moroccan relations quickly worsened following Mohammed V's outspoken support for Algerian independence including at the United Nations.<ref>Mounya Essemlali, ''Le Maroc entre la France et l'Algérie (1956–1962)'', [https://www.cairn.info/revue-relations-internationales-2011-2-page-77.htm?ref=doi], Relations internationales 2011/2 (n° 146), p. 77–93).</ref> The number of French settlers declined constantly,<ref>From a high of 350,000 in 1955, the number of European settlers dropped to 150,549 in 1963, reaching a low of 25,343 in 1990. Cloé Pellegrini, ''Profil démographique et historique de la présence française au Maroc'', In Therrien C. (coord), 'La migration des Français au Maroc : entre proximité et ambivalence', La Croisée des Chemins, Casablanca, 2016, p. 5–6)</ref> especially after their agricultural holdings were nationalized.<ref>Following the nationalization decrees of 1959, 1963 and 1973, Pellegrini, p. 8.</ref> Relations with France were to improve once the last French troops finally left Morocco in November 1961.<ref>Amina Aouchard, ''Le désengagement militaire français au Maroc au lendemain de l'indépendance'', [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rharm_0035-3299_2004_num_235_2_5593] Revue Historique des Armées, Paris, 2004 (135) p. 22.</ref>

The French protectorate existed alongside the [[Spanish protectorate of Morocco|Spanish protectorate]], which was established and dissolved in the same years; its borders consisted of the area of Morocco between the Corridor of [[Taza]] and the [[Draa River]], including sparse tribal lands.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold |title=Morocco, a Country Study |publisher=Foreign Ara Studies: The American University |year=1985 |location=Washington DC |language=English}}</ref> The official capital was [[Rabat]].