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Gambier Parry process
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[[File:Highnam church.jpg|thumb|Gambier Parry's own frescoes in [[Highnam]] church]] [[File:Arts of Industry as Applied to War.jpg|thumb|Cartoon for the fresco [[Leighton Frescoes|''The Arts of Industry as Applied to War'']], 1870β72, by [[Frederic Leighton]] at the [[V&A Museum]]]] The '''Gambier Parry process''' is a development of the classical technique of [[fresco]] for painting [[mural]]s, named for [[Thomas Gambier Parry]]. True fresco is the technique of painting on fresh lime plaster whereby the pigments are fixed by the [[carbonatation]] of the lime (calcium hydroxide). The technique requires no other binding medium and the fixing process produces a durable crystalline paint layer. However, only a limited range of pigments are suitable for true frescoes and the technique requires careful application under controlled conditions, and relatively low humidity thereafter. In some environments, conventional fresco colours can rapidly accumulate dirt and grime. The decoration of the new [[Houses of Parliament#Royal Gallery|Houses of Parliament]] in the mid-nineteenth century saw an embarrassing failure of true fresco in England but had generated a revival in mural painting.<ref name="auto">[http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/conservation-journal/issue-17/conservation-of-lord-leightons-spirit-frescoes-war-and-peace/ Conservation of Lord Leighton's Spirit Frescoes 'War' and 'Peace'] Stephen Rickerby</ref> Gambier Parry developed a spirit medium for use on a specially prepared plaster or canvas ground and in 1862 he published his recipe. Originally it used [[beeswax]], [[Lavender oil|oil of spike lavender]], spirits of [[turpentine]], [[Canarium luzonicum|elemi resin]] and [[copal]] varnish, and was complex both in preparing the wall surface and applying the paint.<ref name="auto"/> With commercialisation the process was simplified and became widely known.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parishofmorpeth.org.uk/stjames/pc01.htm|title=St James's Church, Morpeth|website=www.parishofmorpeth.org.uk}}</ref> The system was used by [[Frederic Leighton]] for ''[[Leighton Frescoes|The Arts of Industry as Applied to War]]'' and ''[[Leighton Frescoes|The Arts of Industry as Applied to Peace]]'' at the [[Victoria & Albert Museum]] (1870-72)<ref name="auto"/> and by [[Ford Madox Brown]] on the ''[[The Manchester Murals|Manchester Murals]]'' in [[Manchester Town Hall]] (1879-93).<ref>[[s:Arts and Crafts Essays/Of Mural Painting|''Of Mural Painting'']] F. Madox Brown</ref> One of the most complete examples of the Gambier Parry process may be seen at St Leonard's Church, [[Newland, Worcestershire|Newland]], Worcestershire<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stleonardsnewland.org/murals.html |title=Murals - St.Leonard's, Newland |access-date=2013-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315083839/http://www.stleonardsnewland.org/murals.html |archive-date=2015-03-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> where frescoes cover the interior of the church; St Leonard's is the private chapel of the Beauchamp Almshouses.
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