Editing Geographic information system (section)

{{short description|System to capture, manage, and present geographic data}}
{{Redirect|GIS}}
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[[File:Fig 4.4.svg|thumb|Basic GIS concept]]

A '''geographic information system''' ('''GIS''') consists of integrated computer hardware and [[Geographic information system software|software]] that store, manage, [[Spatial analysis|analyze]], edit, output, and [[Cartographic design|visualize]] [[Geographic data and information|geographic data]].<ref name="DeMers1">{{cite book |last1=DeMers |first1=Michael |title=Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems |date=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, inc. |isbn=978-0-470-12906-7 |edition=4th}}</ref><ref name="chang2016">{{cite book |last1=Chang |first1=Kang-tsung |title=Introduction to Geographic Information Systems |date=2016 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-1-259-92964-9 |page=1 |edition=9th}}</ref> Much of this often happens within a [[spatial database]]; however, this is not essential to meet the definition of a GIS.<ref name="DeMers1"/> In a broader sense, one may consider such a system also to include human users and support staff, procedures and workflows, the [[Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge|body of knowledge]] of relevant concepts and methods, and institutional organizations.

The uncounted plural, ''geographic information systems'', also abbreviated GIS, is the most common term for the industry and profession concerned with these systems. The academic discipline that studies these systems and their underlying geographic principles, may also be abbreviated as GIS, but the unambiguous [[GIScience]] is more common.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.5311/JOSIS.2010.1.2|title=Twenty years of progress: GIScience in 2010|year=2010|last1=Goodchild|first1=Michael F|journal=Journal of Spatial Information Science|issue=1|doi-access=free}}</ref> GIScience is often considered a subdiscipline of [[geography]] within the branch of [[technical geography]].

Geographic information systems are utilized in multiple technologies, processes, techniques and methods. They are attached to various operations and numerous applications, that relate to: engineering, planning, management, transport/logistics, insurance, telecommunications, and business,<ref name="Maliene V, Grigonis V, Palevičius V, Griffiths S 2011 1–6">{{cite journal| vauthors=Maliene V, Grigonis V, Palevičius V, Griffiths S|title=Geographic information system: Old principles with new capabilities |journal=Urban Design International |volume=16 |issue= 1 |pages= 1–6 |year= 2011 |doi= 10.1057/udi.2010.25 |s2cid=110827951 }}</ref> as well as the natural sciences such as forestry, ecology, and Earth science. For this reason, GIS and [[location intelligence]] applications are at the foundation of location-enabled services, which rely on geographic analysis and visualization.

GIS provides the ability to relate previously unrelated information, through the use of location as the "key index variable". Locations and extents that are found in the Earth's [[spacetime]] are able to be recorded through the date and time of occurrence, along with x, y, and z [[coordinate]]s; representing, [[longitude]] (''x''), [[latitude]] (''y''), and [[elevation (geography)|elevation]] (''z''). All Earth-based, spatial–temporal, location and extent references should be relatable to one another, and ultimately, to a "real" physical location or extent. This key characteristic of GIS has begun to open new avenues of scientific inquiry and studies.

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