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Geonim
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{{italic title}} {{Short description|Heads of the Babylonian Talmudic Academies (6thโ11th century)}} {{For|rabbis of different epochs bearing the "Gaon" title|Gaon (Hebrew)}} {{Eras of the Halakha}} '''''Geonim''''' ({{langx|he|ืืืื ืื}}; {{IPA|he|ษกe(ส)oหnim|lang}}; also [[Romanization of Hebrew|transliterated]] '''Gaonim''', singular '''Gaon''') were the presidents of the two great [[Talmudic Academies in Babylonia|Babylonian Talmudic Academies]] of [[Sura Academy |Sura]] and [[Pumbedita Academy |Pumbedita]],<ref name=EB1911/> in the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. They were generally accepted as the spiritual leaders of the Jewish community worldwide in the early [[medieval]] era, in contrast to the ''Resh Galuta'' ([[exilarch]]) who wielded secular authority over the Jews in Islamic lands. ''Geonim'' is the plural of {{Script/Hebrew|ืืืื}} (''Ga'on'') {{IPA|he|ษกaห(ส)on|}}, which means "pride" or "splendor" in [[Biblical Hebrew]] and since the 19th century "genius" as in modern [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. As a title of a Babylonian college president it meant something like "His Excellency". The ''Geonim'' played a prominent and decisive role in the transmission and teaching of [[Torah]] and [[Halakha|Jewish law]]. They taught [[Talmud]] and decided on issues on which no ruling had been rendered during the period of the Talmud. {{Rabbinical eras timeline|625|1050|Era_of_the_Geonim}}
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