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Ghaznavids
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{{Short description|Medieval Muslim Turkic dynasty and state}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{Use British English|date=March 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Ghaznavid Empire | common_name = Ghaznavids | native_name = {{lang|fa|غزنویان}}<br/>''Ġaznaviyān'' | era = Medieval | status = [[Empire]] | status_text = | empire = | government_type = [[Hereditary monarchy]] | year_start = 977 | year_end = 1186 | event_start = | date_start = | event_end = | date_end = | p1 = Samanids | p2 = Saffarid dynasty | p3 = Ma'munids | p4 = Farighunids | p5 = Hindu Shahi | p6 = Emirate of Multan | p7 = Chaulukya dynasty | p8 = Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty | p9 = Pratihara dynasty | p10 = Habbari dynasty | s2 = Ghurid dynasty | s1 = Seljuk Empire | image_flag = <!--see [[Flag_of_Iran#Ghaznavid_dynasty]] for discussion--> | flag_type = | image_coat = | image_map = {{Location map+ | Ghaznavid Empire | width=300 <!-- DO NOT CHANGE MAP SIZE (300) AS THIS WILL DISPLACE THE LABELS --> | float = center | border=none | nodiv= 1 | mini= 1 | relief= yes | places = {{Annotation|265|05|[[Template:Continental Asia in 900 CE|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">[</span>]][[AD 1000|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">1030</span>]][[Template:Continental Asia in 1100 CE|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">]</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=10|color=#000000}} {{Annotation|140|20|[[Kara-Khanid Khanate|<span style="color:#4F311CFF">KARAKHANID KHANATE</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6.5|color=#000000}} {{Annotation|50|85|[[Buyid dynasty|<span style="color:#4F311CFF">BUYIDS</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6.5|color=#000000}} {{Annotation|35|75|[[Kakuyid dynasty|<span style="color:#4F311CFF">KAKUYIDS</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6.5|color=#000000}} {{Annotation|25|5|[[Khazars|<span style="color:#4F311CFF">KHAZARS</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6.5|color=#000000}} {{Annotation|88|10|[[Oghuz Yabgu State|<span style="color:#4F311CFF">OGHUZ<br/>YABGUS</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6.5|color=#000000}} {{Annotation|200|150|[[Western Chalukya Empire|<span style="color:#4F311CFF">WESTERN<br/>CHALUKYAS</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6.5|color=#000000}} {{Annotation|245|115|[[Pala Empire|<span style="color:#4F311CFF">PALA<br/>EMPIRE</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6.5|color=#000000}} {{Annotation|185|113|[[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|<span style="color:#4F311CFF">CHAHAMANAS</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}} {{Annotation|260|30|[[Qocho|<span style="color:#4F311CFF">QOCHO</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6.5|color=#000000}} |caption= }} | image_map_caption = {{center|Ghaznavid Empire at its greatest extent in 1030 CE under [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]].{{sfn|Schwartzberg|1978|p=146}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=C.E. |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |date=1 January 1998 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103467-1 |pages=430–431 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA430 |language=en}}</ref>}} | capital = [[Ghazni]]<br/><small>(977–1163)</small><br/>[[Lahore]]<br/><small>(1163–1186)</small> | common_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]]{{efn|"''Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability.''"{{sfn|Katouzian|2003|p=128}}}} (<small>official and court language; lingua franca</small>)<br>[[Sanskrit]]<ref name=coinage/> (<small>coinage</small>) <br>[[Arabic language|Arabic]] (<small>coinage and theology</small>)<br> [[Turkic language|Turkic]] (<small>military</small>){{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=134}} | religion = [[Sunni Islam]] (official)<br>[[Hinduism]] (majority in India) | currency = | leader1 = [[Sabuktigin]] <small>(first)</small> | leader2 = [[Khusrau Malik]] <small>(last)</small> | year_leader1 = 977–997 | year_leader2 = 1160–1186 | title_leader = [[Sultan]] | title_deputy = [[Vizier]] | deputy1 = [[Abu'l-Hasan Isfaraini]] <small>(first mentioned)</small> | year_deputy1 = 998–1013 | deputy2 = [[Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah]] <small>(last mentioned)</small> | year_deputy2 = 12th century | stat_year1 = 1029 est.{{sfn|Turchin|Adams|Hall|2006|p=223}}{{sfn|Taagepera|1997|p=496}}<ref name="OxfordArea">{{Cite book|last1=Bang|first1=Peter Fibiger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mkLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92|title=The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience|last2=Bayly|first2=C. A.|last3=Scheidel|first3=Walter|year=2020|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977311-4|pages=92–94|language=en}}</ref> | stat_area1 = 3400000 | demonym = | area_km2 = | area_rank = | GDP_PPP = | GDP_PPP_year = | HDI = | HDI_year = | today = | image_flag2 = }} The '''Ghaznavid dynasty''' ({{langx|fa|غزنویان}} ''Ġaznaviyān'') was a [[Persianate]] [[Muslim]] dynasty of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] ''[[mamluk]]'' origin.{{efn|name=b|The Ghaznavids also claimed ancestry from the last [[Sassanid]] Shah, [[Yazdgerd III]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peacock |first=A. C. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xj9haotAapcC&pg=PA33 |title=Early Seljuq History: A New Interpretation |date=2013-02-01 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-15369-4 |language=en|page=33|quote="The Ghaznavids claimed descent from the last Sasanian shah, Yazdagird III..."}}</ref> but this was "a fictitious genealogy" they themselves had promulgated.<ref>{{cite book |last1=O'Kane |first1=Bernard |title=The Appearance of Persian on Islamic Art |date=2009 |publisher=Persian Heritage Foundation |isbn=978-1-934283-16-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xPU3AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA9 |language=en|quote="a fictitious genealogy connecting them with the Sasanian monarch Yazdegerd III had been promulgated"}}</ref>}} It ruled the '''Ghaznavid Empire''' or the '''Empire of Ghazni''' from 977 to 1186, which at its greatest extent, extended from the [[Oxus]] to the [[Indus Valley]]. The dynasty was founded by [[Sabuktigin]] upon his succession to the rule of [[Ghazni Province|Ghazna]] after the death of his father-in-law, [[Alp Tigin]], who was an ex-general of the [[Samanid Empire]] from [[Balkh]]. Sabuktigin's son, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], expanded the Ghaznavid Empire to the [[Amu Darya]], the [[Indus River]] and the [[Indian Ocean]] in the east and to [[Rey, Iran|Rey]] and [[Hamadan]] in the west. Under the reign of [[Mas'ud I of Ghazni|Mas'ud I]], the Ghaznavid dynasty began losing control over its western territories to the [[Seljuk Empire]] after the [[Battle of Dandanaqan]] in 1040, resulting in a restriction of its holdings to modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India. In 1151, Sultan Bahram Shah lost Ghazni to the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid]] sultan [[Ala al-Din Husayn]]. The Ghaznavids retook Ghazni, but lost the city to the [[Ghuzz Turks]] who in turn lost it to [[Muhammad of Ghor]]. In response, the Ghaznavids fled to Lahore, their regional capital. In 1186, [[Siege of Lahore (1186)|Lahore was conquered]] by the Ghurid sultan, Muhammad of Ghor, with its Ghaznavid ruler, [[Khusrau Malik]], imprisoned and later executed. [[File:Mahmud ibn Sebuktegin attacks the fortress of Zarang.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Sultan Mahmud and his forces attacking the fortress of [[Zaranj]] in 1003 CE. ''[[Jami al-Tawarikh]]'', 1314 CE.<ref>{{cite web |title=Medieval Catapult Illustrated in the Jami' al-Tawarikh |url=https://reach.ieee.org/primary-sources/medieval-catapult-illustrated/ |website=IEEE Reach |quote=Mahmud ibn Sebuktegin attacks the rebel fortress (Arg) of Zarang in Sijistan in 1003 AD}}</ref>]]
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