Editing Gojoseon (section)

{{Short description|? – 108 BCE state in East Asia}}
{{Distinguish|Joseon}}

{{Infobox country
| native_name            = {{lang|ko|古朝鮮}} ([[Hanja]])<br />{{lang|ko|고조선}} ([[Hangul]])<br /><hr />{{lang|ko|朝鮮}} (Hanja)<br />{{lang|ko|조선}} (Hangul)<br />{{small|''Joseon''}}
| conventional_long_name = Gojoseon
| common_name            = Gojoseon
| era                    = Ancient
| government_type        = Monarchy
| year_start             = 2333 BCE
| year_end               = 108 BCE
| event_start            = Established
| date_start             = 
| event_end              = Fall of [[Wanggeom-seong|Wanggeom City]]
| date_end               = 
| event1                 = Coup by [[Wiman of Gojoseon|Wi Man]]
| date_event1            = 194 BCE
| event2                 = [[Gojoseon–Han War]]
| date_event2            = 109–108 BCE
| event3                 = 
| date_event3            = 
| event4                 = 
| date_event4            = 
| event_post             = 
| date_post              = 
| p1                     = 
| s1                     = Yemaek
| s2                     = Samhan
| s3                     = Four Commanderies of Han
| image_map              = History_of_Korea-108_BC.png
| image_map_caption      = Gojoseon in 108 BCE
| capital                = [[Wanggeom-seong|Wanggeom City]]
| common_languages       = [[Ye-Maek language|Ye-Maek]] {{small|([[Koreanic]])}},<br />[[Classical Chinese]] {{small|(literary)}}
| religion               = [[Korean Shamanism|Shamanism]]
| leader1                = [[Dangun]] (first)
| leader2                = [[Bu of Gojoseon|Bu]]
| leader3                = [[Jun of Gojoseon|Jun]]
| leader4                = Wi Man
| leader5                = [[Ugeo of Gojoseon|Wi Ugeo]] (last)
| year_leader1           = ?
| year_leader2           = 232 BCE? – 220 BCE?
| year_leader3           = 220 BCE – 194 BCE
| year_leader4           = 194 BCE – ?
| year_leader5           = ? – 108 BCE
| title_leader           = [[List of monarchs of Korea|King]]
| today                  = [[North Korea]]<br />[[South Korea]]<br/>[[China]]
| ethnic_groups          = [[Yemaek]]
| demonym                = 
| area_km2               = 
| area_rank              = 
| GDP_PPP                = 
| GDP_PPP_year           = 
| HDI                    = 
| HDI_year               = 
}}

{{Infobox Korean name
| title      = Korean name
| hangul     = 고조선
| hanja      = 古朝鮮
| rr         = Gojoseon
| mr         = Kojosŏn
| koreanipa  = {{IPA|ko|ko.dʑo.sʌn|}}
| othername1 = Alternative Korean name
| hangul1    = 조선
| hanja1     = 朝鮮
| rr1        = Joseon
| mr1        = Chosŏn
| koreanipa1 = {{IPA|ko|tɕo.sʌn|}}
}}

{{History of Korea}}
{{History of Manchuria}}

'''Gojoseon''' ({{Korean|hangul=고조선|hanja=古朝鮮|rr=Gojoseon}}; {{IPA|ko|ko.dʑo.sʌn}}), contemporary name '''Joseon''' ({{Korean|hangul=조선|hanja=朝鮮|rr=Joseon|labels=no}}; {{IPA|ko|tɕo.sʌn|}}), was the first kingdom on the [[Korea|Korean Peninsula]]. According to [[Korean mythology]], the kingdom was established by the legendary king [[Dangun]]. Gojoseon possessed the most advanced culture in the Korean Peninsula at the time and was an important marker in the progression towards the more centralized states of later periods. The addition of ''Go'' ({{Korean|hangul=고|hanja=古|labels=no}}), meaning "ancient", is used in [[historiography]] to distinguish the kingdom from the [[Joseon|Joseon dynasty]], founded in 1392 CE.

According to the ''[[Samguk yusa|Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms]]'', Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE by Dangun, who was said to be born from the heavenly prince [[Hwanung]] and a bear-woman, [[Ungnyeo]]. While Dangun is a mythological figure of whose existence no concrete evidence has been found,<ref name="Gojoseon"/> some interpret his legend as reflections of the sociocultural situations involving the kingdom's early development.<ref name="KimJB">{{cite web|url=http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/SearchNavi?keyword=%EB%8B%A8%EA%B5%B0&ridx=0&tot=92|title=Dangun|publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]]}}</ref> Regardless, the account of Dangun has played an important role in the development of Korean identity. Today, the founding date of Gojoseon is officially celebrated as [[Gaecheonjeol|National Foundation Day]] in [[North Korea|North]]<ref>uriminzokkiri 우리민족끼리 official website of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea</ref> and [[South Korea]].

Some sources claim that in the 12th century BCE, following the establishment of Gojoseon, [[Jizi]] (also known as Gija), a [[Sage (philosophy)|sage]] who belonged to the royal family from the [[Shang dynasty]], immigrated to the northern part of the Korean Peninsula and became the founder of [[Gija Joseon]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IgxvBAAAQBAJ|title=The History of Korea, 2nd Edition|last=Kim|first=Djun Kil|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2014|isbn=9781610695824|pages=8}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BZ8WAAAAQBAJ|title=Pre-Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800|last1=Ebrey|first1=Patricia Buckley|last2=Walthall|first2=Anne|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2013|isbn=9781285546230|pages=100}}</ref> There are many interpretations of Gojoseon and Gija Joseon as well as debates regarding Gija Joseon's existence.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ko:기자조선 |url=https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?cid=40942&docId=1071411&categoryId=33373 |access-date=2 May 2021 |website=terms.naver.com |language=ko}}</ref>

In 194 BCE, the ruling dynasty of Gojoseon was overthrown by [[Wiman of Gojoseon|Wi Man]] (Wei Man in Chinese), a refugee from the [[Han dynasty|Han]] vassal state of [[Yan Kingdom (Han dynasty)|Yan]],<ref group="note">*{{cite book|last=Peterson|first=Mark|title=Brief History of Korea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ByIo1D9RY40C&pg=PA6|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2738-5|page=6}}
:"The term was used again by a refugee from the Han dynasty named Wiman, set up a kingdom in Korea called Wiman Joseon around 200 BCE."
*{{cite book|last=Cotterell|first=Arthur|title=Asia: A Concise History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_vVTWXK5kQC&pg=PT80|year=2011|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0470825044}}
:"The earliest documented event in Korean history involves China. After an unsuccessful uprising against the first Han emperor Gaozu, the defeated rebels sought refuge beyond the imperial frontier and one of them Wiman, took control of Joseon, a Korean state in the north of the peninsula."
*{{cite book|last=Kim|first=Jinwung|title=A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA10|year=2012|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253000248|page=10}}
:"For instance, Wiman, a refugee from the Yan dynasty, which then existed around present-day Beijing, led his band of more than 1,000 followers into exile in Old Joseon in the early second century BCE."
*{{cite book|last=Tennant|first=Roger|title=History Of Korea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SlGnq9flYdMC&pg=PA18|year=1996|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0710305329|page=18}}
:"Retaliation by the Han then brought in refugees from Yan, the most notable of whom was a warlord, Weiman ('Wiman' in Korean), who, somewhere around 200 BCE, led his followers into the territory held by Joseon."
*{{cite book|last=Xu|first=Stella Yingzi|title=That glorious ancient history of our nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFYVwaS8N58C&pg=PA220|year=2007|publisher=University of California, Los Angeles|isbn=9780549440369|page=220}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
:"Here, Wiman was described as a "Gu Yanren 故燕人"or a person from former Yan. It is confusing because there were two entities named Yan around this period. The first was the Yan state, which was one of the seven states during the Warring States period, and the second was the vassal state of Yan of the Han dynasty."</ref> who then established [[Wiman Joseon]].

In 108 BCE, the Han dynasty, under [[Emperor Wu of Han|Emperor Wu]], [[Gojoseon–Han War|invaded and conquered]] Wiman Joseon. The Han established [[Four Commanderies of Han|four commanderies]] to administer the former Gojoseon territory. After the fragmentation of the Han Empire during the [[3rd century]] and the subsequent [[Upheaval of the Five Barbarians|chaotic 4th century]], the area escaped Chinese control and was conquered by [[Goguryeo]] in 313 CE.

The capital of Gojoseon was [[Wanggeom-seong|Wanggeom]] (modern [[Pyongyang]]) from at least the 2nd century BCE. In the southern region of the Korean Peninsula, the [[Jin (Korean state)|Jin state]] arose by the 3rd century BCE.<ref name = "Met">{{cite web |url = http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/04/eak/ht04eak.htm |publisher = Metropolitan Museum of Art |title = Timeline of Art and History, Korea, 1000 BCE – 1 CE |access-date = 2006-02-10 |archive-date = 2010-02-07 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100207003037/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/04/eak/ht04eak.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref>