Editing Goose bumps (section)

{{Short description|Physiological response to stimuli}}
{{For|the book series, see ''[[Goosebumps]]''. For other uses|Goosebumps (disambiguation)}}
{{More medical citations needed|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name          = Goosebumps
| synonyms      = Goose-pimples, goose-skin, goose-flesh, ''cutis anserina'', horripilation, ''horripilatio''
| background    = 
| image         = 2003-09-17 Goose bumps.jpg
| caption       = Goose-bumps on a human arm
| pronounce     = 
| field         = [[Dermatology]]
| symptoms      = 
| complications = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = 
| types         = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = 
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = 
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 
| deaths        = 
| alt           = 
}}

'''Goose bumps''', '''goosebumps''' or '''goose pimples'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/goosebumps |title = Goosebumps noun – Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes {{!}} Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com}}</ref> are the bumps on a person's skin at the base of body hairs which may involuntarily develop when a person is [[Tickling|tickled]], [[cold]] or experiencing strong emotions such as [[fear]], [[euphoria]] or [[sexual arousal]].<ref name="McPhetres 6–20">{{Cite journal |last1=McPhetres |first1=Jonathon |last2=Zickfeld |first2=Janis H. |date=2022-09-01 |title=The physiological study of emotional piloerection: A systematic review and guide for future research |url=https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/327998765/McPhetres_2022_The_physiological_study_of_emotional_piloerection.pdf |journal=International Journal of Psychophysiology |language=en |volume=179 |pages=6–20 |doi=10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.06.010 |pmid=35764195 |s2cid=250058771 |issn=0167-8760}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=McPhetres |first=Jonathon |date=2024-08-15 |title=Diverse stimuli induce piloerection and yield varied autonomic responses in humans |url=https://journals.biologists.com/bio/article/13/8/bio060205/361490/Diverse-stimuli-induce-piloerection-and-yield |journal=Biology Open |language=en |volume=13 |issue=8 |doi=10.1242/bio.060205 |pmid=38989667 |pmc=11391818 |issn=2046-6390}}</ref>

The formation of goose bumps in humans under [[Stress (medicine)|stress]] is considered by some to be a [[Vestigial response|vestigial reflex]],<ref name="Darwin1872">{{cite web|last=Darwin|first=Charles|date=1872|title=The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals|url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=F1142&viewtype=text|publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]|location=London|pages=101–103|title-link=}}</ref> though visible piloerection is associated with changes in skin temperature in humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McPhetres |first=Jonathon |date=2024-08-15 |title=Diverse stimuli induce piloerection and yield varied autonomic responses in humans |url=https://journals.biologists.com/bio/article/13/8/bio060205/361490/Diverse-stimuli-induce-piloerection-and-yield |journal=Biology Open |language=en |volume=13 |issue=8 |doi=10.1242/bio.060205 |pmid=38989667 |pmc=11391818 |issn=2046-6390}}</ref> The reflex of producing goose bumps is known as '''piloerection''' or the '''pilomotor reflex''', or, more traditionally,<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|title=horripilation|author=OUP|url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/88574}}</ref> '''horripilation'''. It occurs in many [[mammal]]s; a prominent example is [[porcupine]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chapman |first1=David M. |last2=Roze |first2=Uldis |date=1997-01-01 |title=Functional histology of quill erection in the porcupine, Erethizon dorsatum |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/z97-001 |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |language=en |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1139/z97-001 |issn=0008-4301|url-access=subscription }}</ref> which raise their quills when threatened, or sea otters when they encounter sharks or other predators.