Editing Gorani language (section)

{{Short description|Group of Kurdish dialects}}
{{About|the language spoken by Kurds|the Slavic dialect|Gora dialect{{!}}Gorani dialect}}
{{Hatnote|"Gurani language" redirects here. Not to be confused with the [[Guarani language]].}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Gorani
| nativename       = گۆرانی<br/>Goranî
| image            = Gorani.svg
| states           = Iraq and Iran
| region           = [[Kurdistan]] (Primarily [[Hawraman]], also [[Garmian]] and [[Nineveh Governorate|Nineveh]]), [[Kermanshah province]]
| speakers         = {{sigfig|300,000|2}}
| date             = 2008
| ref              = e25
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3             = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]]
| fam4             = [[Western Iranian languages|Western]]
| fam5             = [[Northwestern Iranian languages|Northwestern]]<ref>[https://docs.google.com/document/d/13HM6ElEb3cPqf4FWxYVc8LqRrvFsyu0mGXXqaawgXWk/pub#ftnt142 A Working Classification]</ref>
| fam6             = [[Zaza–Gorani languages|Zaza–Gorani]]
| dialects         = Hewramî<br>[[Shabaki language|Şebekî]]<ref name="dialects" /><br>Sarlî<ref name="dialects" >{{cite web |title=Gurani |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gurani |publisher=[[Iranica Online]] |access-date=30 May 2019}}</ref><br>Bacelanî<ref>{{cite web |title=Bajalan |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bajalan-kurdish-tribe |publisher=[[Iranica Online]] |access-date=30 May 2019}}</ref><br>[[Gawrajui language|Gewrejuî]]<br>[[Zanganay language|Zengeneyî]]
| script           = [[Kurdish alphabets#Sorani alphabet|Kurdish alphabet]]
| lc1              = hac
| ld1              = Gorani (Gurani)
| lc2              = sdb
| ld2              = [[Shabaki language|Shabaki]]
| lc3              = sdf
| ld3              = [[#Sarli|Sarli]]
| lc4              = bjm
| ld4              = [[#Bajelani|Bajelani]]
| glotto           = gura1251
| glottorefname    = Gurani
| lingua           = 58-AAA-b
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-end}}
| map2             = Lang Status 60-DE.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{center|{{small|Gorani (Hawrami) is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]]<br> ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}}
}}

'''Gorani''' ({{langx|ku|گۆرانی|Goranî|lit=song}}),<ref>{{cite book |first=Michael M. |last=Gunter |title=Historical Dictionary of the Kurds |date=2018 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1538110508 |page=127}}</ref> also known by the name of its main [[dialect]], '''Hawrami''' ({{lang|ku|ھەورامی}}, {{small|romanized:}} ''Hewramî''), is a [[Northwestern Iranian language]] spoken by ethnic [[Kurds]] in northeastern [[Iraq]] and northwestern [[Iran]]<ref name="leezenberg">{{cite journal |last=Leezenberg |first=Michiel |date=1993 |title=Gorani Influence on Central Kurdish: Substratum or Prestige Borrowing? |url=https://eprints.illc.uva.nl/id/eprint/620/1/X-1993-03.text.pdf |journal=ILLC - Department of Philosophy, University of Amsterdam |access-date= |quote=The great majority of the Kurds speak a variety of the so-called Kurmanci or Sorani dialects; smaller numbers speak Gorani or Zaza. Although the latter two dialects are close relatives of the former two, they do not strictly speaking belong to the same branch of Indo-Iranian languages. Nonetheless, both groups are commonly thought to belong to the Nortwestern group of Iranian languages.}}</ref> and which with [[Zaza language|Zaza]] constitute the [[Zaza–Gorani languages]].<ref name="dialects" />{{efn|The speakers of Gorani considered their language as [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jügel|first=Thomas|date=2016-07-15|title=Parvin Mahmoudveysi, Denise Bailey. The Gorani language of Zarda, a village of West Iran.|url=https://journals.openedition.org/abstractairanica/41149?lang=en|journal=Abstracta Iranica|language=en|volume=34-36|doi=10.4000/abstractairanica.41149 |issn=0240-8910|doi-access=free}}</ref>}} Zaza and Gorani are linguistically distinct from the [[Kurdish language]],<ref name="leezenberg" /><ref name="CA138">{{Cite book |last=Allison |first=Christine |title=Languages of Iraq, Ancient and Modern |publisher=British School of Archaeology in Iraq |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-903472-21-0 |editor-last=Postgate |editor-first=J. N. |pages=138–139 |chapter='The Kurds are Alive': Kurdish in Iraq |quote=Zaza and Gorani are two closely related north-western Iranian languages, which are, in purely linguistic terms, distinct from Sorani and Kurmanji. However, the vast majority of their speakers claim Kurdish identity, so the issue of their definition is sensitive. One might perhaps say that Zaza and Gorani are politically and socially, if not linguistically, Kurdish.}}</ref> although the great majority of their speakers consider their language to be Kurdish.<ref>{{cite journal |first=G. |last=Tavadze |title=Spreading of the Kurdish language dialects and writing systems used in the middle east |journal=Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences |date=2019 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=170–174 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332568195 |access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jügel |first=Thomas |date=2016-07-15 |title=Parvin Mahmoudveysi, Denise Bailey. The Gorani language of Zarda, a village of West Iran. |url=https://journals.openedition.org/abstractairanica/41149?lang=en |journal=Abstracta Iranica |language=en |volume=34-36 |doi=10.4000/abstractairanica.41149 |issn=0240-8910 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Jaffer |last=Sheyholislami |chapter=Language Varieties of the Kurds |pages=30-51 |editor-first=W. |editor-last=Taucher |editor-first2=M. |editor-last2=Vogl |editor-first3=P. |editor-last3=Webinger |location=Vienna |publisher=Austrian Ministry of the Interior |date=2015 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291696802_Language_Varieties_of_the_Kurds |title=The Kurds: History, religion, language, politics}}</ref> 

Gorani is spoken in Iraq and Iran and has four dialects: Bajelani, Hawrami, and Sarli, some sources also include the [[Shabaki language|Shabaki]] as a dialect of Gorani as well.<ref name="dialects" /> Of these, Hawrami was the traditional literary language and [[Koiné language|koiné]] of [[Kurds]] in the historical [[Ardalan]] region at the [[Zagros Mountains]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Chaman Ara, Behrooz. The Kurdish Shahnama and its Literary and Religious Implications|isbn=978-1511523493|last1= Ara|first1=Behrooz Chaman|year=2015 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ensani.ir/fa/article/273257|title=چمن‌آرا، ب، "درآمدی بر ادب حماسی و پهلوانی کُردی با تکیه بر شاهنامه کُردی"، ''جستارهای ادبی''، سال چهل و چهارم، بهار ۱۳۹۰، شماره ۱۷۲}}</ref> but has since been supplanted by [[Central Kurdish]] and [[Southern Kurdish]].<ref>Meri, Josef W., ''Medieval Islamic Civilization'': A–K, index. p. 444</ref> Gorani is a [[literary language]] for many Kurds.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ara |first1=Behrooz Chaman |last2=Amiri |first2=Cyrus |date=2018-08-08 |title=Gurani: practical language or Kurdish literary idiom? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2018.1430536 |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=627–643 |doi=10.1080/13530194.2018.1430536 |issn=1353-0194 |s2cid=148611170|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Gorani had an estimated 180,000 speakers in Iran in 2007 and 120,000 speakers in Iraq as well in 2007 for a total of 300,000 speakers. ''[[Ethnologue]]'' reports that the language is threatened in both countries and that speakers residing in Iraq includes all adults and some children, however it does not mention if speakers are shifting to [[Sorani]] or not. Many speakers of Gorani in Iran also speak [[Sorani]], [[Iranian Persian|Persian]], as well as [[Southern Kurdish]]. Most speakers in Iraq also speak [[Sorani]], while some also speak [[Mesopotamian Arabic]].<ref name="Hac">{{ethnologue25|hac}}</ref>