Editing HMS Endeavour (section)

{{short description|18th-century Royal Navy research vessel}}
{{other ships|List of ships named HMS Endeavour}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image = [[File:HMS Endeavour off the coast of New Holland, by Samuel Atkins c.1794.jpg|300px|alt=A three-masted wooden ship cresting an ocean swell beneath a cloudy sky. Two small boats tow the ship forward.]]
| image alt = HMS Endeavour off the coast of New Holland (Australia) by Samuel Atkins
| Ship caption = ''HMS Endeavour off the coast of [[New Holland (Australia)|New Holland]]''<br/>by [[Samuel Atkins]]
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header = 
| Ship country = Great Britain
| Ship flag = [[Image:Red Ensign of Great Britain (1707-1800).svg|60px|alt=Red flag with Union Jack covering the upper left quadrant]]
| Ship name = ''Endeavour''
| Ship operator = Thomas Millner, [[Royal Navy]], [[Mather & Co.|J. Mather]]
| Ship ordered = 
| Ship awarded = 
| Ship builder = [[Ship and boat building in Whitby|Thomas Fishburn]], [[Whitby]]{{sfn|Hough|1995|p=55}}
| Ship yard number = 
| Ship laid down = 
| Ship launched = June 1764
| Ship sponsor = 
| Ship christened = 
| Ship completed = 
| Ship acquired = 28 March 1768 as ''Earl of Pembroke''{{sfn|Knight|1933}}
| Ship commissioned = 26 May 1768
| Ship recommissioned = 
| Ship decommissioned = September 1774
| Ship in service = 
| Ship out of service = March 1775, sold
| Ship renamed = ''Lord Sandwich'', February 1776
| Ship reclassified = 
| Ship refit = 
| Ship struck = 
| Ship reinstated = 
| Ship homeport = [[Plymouth]], United Kingdom
| Ship motto = 
| Ship nickname = 
| Ship honours = 
| Ship fate = Scuttled, [[Newport, Rhode Island]], 1778
| Ship notes = 
| Ship badge = 
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header = 
| Header caption = {{sfn|Blainey|2008|p=17}}
| Ship class = [[Barque#Bark|Bark]]
| Ship tons burthen = 366 <small>{{frac|49|94}}</small> ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]]){{sfn|Winfield|2007|pp=354–355}}
| Ship length = {{convert|97|ft|8|in|m|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Winfield|2007|pp=354–355}}{{efn|Other sources give ''Endeavour''{{'}}s length overall as {{convert|106|ft|m|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|McLintock|1966}}{{Obsolete source|reason=This is a non-specialist source that is 57 years old being put up against a specialist source from 2007|date=August 2023}}}}
| Ship beam = {{convert|29|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Winfield|2007|pp=354–355}}
| Ship height = 
| Ship draught = 
| Ship hold depth = {{convert|11|ft|4|in|m|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Winfield|2007|pp=354–355}}
| Ship sail plan = *[[Full-rigged ship]]
* {{convert|3321|sqyd|m2}} of sail
| Ship speed = {{convert|7|to|8|kn|km/h}} maximum
| Ship range = 
| Ship endurance = 
| Ship boats = [[yawl]], [[Pinnace (ship's boat)|pinnace]], [[longboat]], two [[skiff]]s
| Ship capacity = 
| Ship complement = *94, comprising:{{sfn|Beaglehole|1968|p=2}}<ref name="ANMM584"/>
** 71 ship's company
** 12 marines
** 11 civilians
| Ship armament = 10 [[Naval artillery in the Age of Sail|4-pdrs]], 12 [[swivel gun]]s
}}
|}
'''HMS ''Endeavour'''''{{efn|The abbreviation "HMS" was not in use at the time,{{sfn|NMRN}} but "His/Her Majesty's Ship" was, and this is a valid if less precise way to refer to the ''Endeavour''. "HMS" is commonly used retroactively in modern sources. James Cook in his own documentation of the voyage referred to it as "His Britannick Majesty's Bark" but occasionally as "His Britannick Majesty's Ship".}} was a British [[Royal Navy]] [[research vessel]] that Lieutenant [[James Cook]] commanded to [[Tahiti]], New Zealand and Australia on his [[First voyage of James Cook|first voyage of discovery]] from 1768 to 1771.

She was launched in 1764 as the [[Collier (ship type)|collier]] ''Earl of Pembroke'', with the Navy purchasing her in 1768 for a scientific mission to the Pacific Ocean and to explore the seas for the surmised ''[[Terra Australis|Terra Australis Incognita]]'' or "unknown southern land". Commissioned as '''His Majesty's Bark ''Endeavour''''', she departed [[Plymouth]] in August 1768, rounded [[Cape Horn]] and reached Tahiti in time to observe the 1769 [[transit of Venus]] across the Sun. She then set sail into the largely uncharted ocean to the south, stopping at the islands of [[Huahine]], [[Bora Bora]], and [[Raiatea]] west of Tahiti to allow Cook to claim them for Great Britain. In September 1769, she anchored off New Zealand, becoming the first European vessel to reach the islands since [[Abel Tasman]]'s ''Heemskerck'' 127 years earlier.

In April 1770, ''Endeavour'' became the first European ship to reach the east coast of Australia, with Cook going ashore at what is now known as [[Botany Bay]]. ''Endeavour'' then sailed north along the Australian coast. She narrowly avoided disaster after running aground on the [[Great Barrier Reef]], and Cook had to throw her guns overboard to lighten her. ''Endeavour'' was beached on the Australian mainland for seven weeks to permit repairs to her hull. Resuming her voyage, she limped into port in [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] in October 1770, her crew sworn to secrecy about the lands that they had visited. From Batavia ''Endeavour'' continued westward, rounded the [[Cape of Good Hope]] on 13 March 1771 and reached the English port of [[Dover]] on 12 July, having been at sea for nearly three years.

The ship was largely forgotten after her Pacific voyage, spending the next three years hauling troops and cargo to and from the [[Falkland Islands]]. She was renamed in 1775 after being sold into private hands, and used to transport timber from the Baltic. Rehired as a British troop transport during the [[American War of Independence]], she was finally [[Scuttling|scuttled]] in a blockade of [[Narragansett Bay]], Rhode Island, in 1778. Historical evidence indicates the ship was sunk just north of [[Goat Island (Rhode Island)|Goat Island]] in Newport Harbor, along with four other British transports.{{sfn|ABC News|2022}}

Relics from ''Endeavour'' are displayed at maritime museums worldwide, including an anchor and six of her cannon. A [[HM Bark Endeavour Replica|replica of ''Endeavour'']] was launched in 1994 and is berthed alongside the [[Australian National Maritime Museum]] in Sydney Harbour. Multiple geographic features are named after the ship, including the [[Endeavour River]] and [[Endeavour Reef]], as were three [[spacecraft]]. The ship is depicted on the [[New Zealand fifty-cent coin]].