Editing Halicarnassus (section)

{{Short description|Ancient Carian city, present day Bodrum in Turkey}}
{{Infobox ancient site
  |name = Halicarnassus
  |native_name = ''alos k̂arnos'' 𐊠𐊣𐊫𐊰 𐊴𐊠𐊥𐊵𐊫𐊰 (in Carian)<br>Ἁλικαρνασσός {{in lang|grc}}<br>Halikarnas {{in lang|tr}}
  |alternate_name = 
  |image = The ruins of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus.jpg
  |alt = 
  |caption = The ruins of the [[Mausoleum at Halicarnassus]], one of the [[Seven Wonders of the Ancient World]].
  |map_type = Turkey#Aegean
  |map_alt = 
  |map_size = 270
| relief=yes
  |coordinates = {{coord|37|02|16|N|27|25|27|E|type:landmark_region:TR-48|display=inline,title}}
  |location = [[Bodrum]], [[Muğla Province]], [[Turkey]]
  |region = [[Caria]]
  |type = Settlement
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  |occupants = [[Herodotus]]
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}}
[[File:MapaTopográficoDeAsiaMenor-Caria.png|thumb|Ancient cities of [[Caria]]|alt=Map of ancient cities of Caria]]

'''Halicarnassus''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|h|æ|l|ᵻ|k|ɑːr|ˈ|n|æ|s|ə|s}} {{respell|HAL|ih|kar|NASS|əs}}; [[Latin]]: ''Halicarnassus'' or ''Halicarnāsus''; {{langx|grc|Ἁλικαρνασσός}} {{IPA|grc|ha.li.kar.naːs.sós}} ''Halikarnāssós''; {{langx|tr|Halikarnas}}; [[Carian language|Carian]]: 𐊠𐊣𐊫𐊰 𐊴𐊠𐊥𐊵𐊫𐊰 ''alos k̂arnos'') was an [[ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] city in [[Caria]], in [[Anatolia]].<ref name="halicarnassus-bodrum">[https://www.livius.org/articles/place/halicarnassus-bodrum/ Livius.org Halicarnassus/Bodrum] "Usually, Greek settlers first occupied an island near a native settlement; later, they settled on the mainland. We may assume that the first Greeks built their houses on the island that was later known as the Royal Island. Today, it is no longer an island, but an impressive castle built in the age of the Crusades. The native settlement probably was at the Salmacis hill, which was crowned by a sanctuary of Hermaphroditus.", "Later, the Greeks settled on the mainland. To the northeast of the island, they founded a marketplace to trade with the natives. The new Greek settlement itself was to the northwest.", "The Greeks thought that Halicarnassus was a "[[Dorians|Dorian]]" city: its first settlers were from the Peloponnese and belonged to this tribe. The city was really proud of this descent, but in fact, the Dorian nature of the population was soon forgotten."</ref> It was located in southwest [[Caria]], on an advantageous site on the [[Gulf of Gökova]], which is now in [[Bodrum]], [[Turkey]].<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Halicarnassus |volume=12 |pages=837–838 |first=David George |last=Hogarth |inline=1}}</ref> The city was famous for the [[Mausoleum of Halicarnassus]], also known simply as the Tomb of [[Mausolus]], whose name provided the origin of the word "[[mausoleum]]". The mausoleum, built from 353 to 350&nbsp;BC, ranked as one of the [[seven wonders of the ancient world]].

Halicarnassus' history was unique on two interlinked issues. Halicarnassus retained a monarchical system of government at a time when most other Greek city states had long since rid themselves of their kings. Secondly, while their Ionian neighbours rebelled against Persian rule, Halicarnassus remained loyal to them. It formed part of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian Empire]] until [[Alexander the Great]] captured it at the [[siege of Halicarnassus]] in 333&nbsp;BC.

Zephyria was the original name of the settlement, and the present site of the great [[Bodrum Castle|Castle of St. Peter]] built by the [[Knights of Rhodes]] in 1404 AD.<ref name=EB1911/> It was built on what was originally an island, which gradually expanded to include several Carian settlements on the mainland.<ref name="halicarnassus-bodrum"/> However, in the course of time, the island topographically united with the mainland, and the city was extended to combine with the existing [[Salmacis (Caria)|Salmacis]], an older town of the native [[Leleges]] and [[Carians]],<ref name=EB1911/> and site of the later citadel. The first settlers were originally Dorians from the Peloponnese, but this was soon forgotten.