Editing Hallucination (section)

{{short description|Perception that only seems real}}
{{Other uses}}
{{redirect|Hallucinate|the song|Hallucinate (song)}}
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{{More citations needed|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
|name          = Hallucination
|synonyms      = 
|image         = August_Natterer_Meine_Augen_zur_Zeit_der_Erscheinungen.jpg
|caption       = ''My eyes at the moment of the apparitions'' by [[August Natterer]], a German artist who created many drawings of his hallucinations
|pronounce     = 
|field         = Psychiatry
|symptoms      =
|complications =
|onset         = 
|duration      = 
|types         = 
|causes        = [[Hypnagogia]], [[Peduncular hallucinosis]], [[Delirium tremens]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[Delusion]], [[Dementia with Lewy bodies|Lewy body dementia]], [[Visual release hallucinations|Charles Bonnet syndrome]], [[hallucinogen]]s, [[sensory deprivation]], [[schizophrenia]], [[psychedelics]], [[sleep paralysis]], [[drug intoxication]] or [[drug withdrawal|withdrawal]], [[sleep deprivation]], [[epilepsy]], [[psychological stress]], [[non-celiac gluten sensitivity]], [[fever]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Adamis D, Treloar A, Martin FC, Macdonald AJ | title = A brief review of the history of delirium as a mental disorder | journal = History of Psychiatry | volume = 18 | issue = 72 Pt 4 | pages = 459–69 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 18590023 | doi = 10.1177/0957154X07076467 | s2cid = 24424207 | url = https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00570887/document}}</ref> [[covert]] [[weaponry]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/428346-russian-navy-has-new-weapon-that-makes-target-hallucinate-and-vomit-report/ | title=Russian Navy has new weapon that makes targets hallucinate, vomit: Report | work=The Hill | date=4 February 2019 | vauthors = Burke M }}</ref><ref name="theconversation.com">{{Cite web |vauthors=Patterson C, Procter N |date=2023-05-24 |title=Hallucinations in the movies tend to be about chaos, violence and mental distress. But they can be positive too |url=http://theconversation.com/hallucinations-in-the-movies-tend-to-be-about-chaos-violence-and-mental-distress-but-they-can-be-positive-too-204547 |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=The Conversation |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528043352/http://theconversation.com/hallucinations-in-the-movies-tend-to-be-about-chaos-violence-and-mental-distress-but-they-can-be-positive-too-204547 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|risks         = 
|diagnosis     = 
|differential  = 
|prevention    = 
|treatment     = [[Cognitive behavioral therapy]]<ref name="What Constitutes Sufficient Evidenc">{{cite journal | vauthors = Turner DT, Burger S, Smit F, Valmaggia LR, van der Gaag M | title = What Constitutes Sufficient Evidence for Case Formulation-Driven CBT for Psychosis? Cumulative Meta-analysis of the Effect on Hallucinations and Delusions | journal = Schizophrenia Bulletin | volume = 46 | issue = 5 | pages = 1072–1085 | date = March 2020 | pmid = 32221536 | pmc = 7505201 | doi = 10.1093/schbul/sbaa045 }}</ref> and [[metacognitive training]]<ref name="Immediate and Sustained Outcomes an">{{cite journal | vauthors = Penney D, Sauvé G, Mendelson D, Thibaudeau É, Moritz S, Lepage M | title = Immediate and Sustained Outcomes and Moderators Associated With Metacognitive Training for Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | journal = JAMA Psychiatry | date = March 2022 | volume = 79 | issue = 5 | pages = 417–429 | pmid = 35320347 | pmc = 8943641 | doi = 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0277 }}</ref>
|medication    = [[Antipsychotic]], [[Atypical antipsychotic|AAP]]
|prognosis     = 
|frequency     = 
|deaths        =
}}

A '''hallucination''' is a [[perception]] in the absence of an external [[stimulus (physiology)|stimulus]] that has the compelling sense of reality.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=El-Mallakh |first1=Rif S. |last2=Walker |first2=Kristin L. |title=Hallucinations, Psuedohallucinations, and Parahallucinations |journal=Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes |date=2010 |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=34–42 |doi=10.1521/psyc.2010.73.1.34 |pmid=20235616 |url=https://guilfordjournals.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1521%2Fpsyc.2010.73.1.34 |access-date=8 May 2024|url-access=subscription }}</ref> They are distinguishable from several related [[phenomena]], such as dreaming ([[Rapid eye movement sleep|REM sleep]]), which does not involve wakefulness; [[pseudohallucination]], which does not mimic real perception, and is accurately perceived as unreal; [[illusion]], which involves distorted or misinterpreted real perception; and [[mental imagery]], which does not mimic real perception, and is under voluntary control.<ref name="Chiu">{{cite journal|vauthors=Chiu LP|year=1989|title=Differential diagnosis and management of hallucinations|journal=Journal of the Hong Kong Medical Association|volume=t 41|issue=3|pages=292–7|url=http://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/2c023b7934fcf5e064bfd487061eaa53.pdf|access-date=2014-05-29|archive-date=2021-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224145743/https://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/2c023b7934fcf5e064bfd487061eaa53.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Hallucinations also differ from "[[delusion]]al perceptions", in which a correctly sensed and interpreted stimulus (i.e., a real perception) is given some additional significance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Adámek |first1=Petr |last2=Langová |first2=Veronika |last3=Horáček |first3=Jiří |date=2022-03-21 |title=Early-stage visual perception impairment in schizophrenia, bottom-up and back again |journal=Schizophrenia |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=27 |doi=10.1038/s41537-022-00237-9 |pmid=35314712 |issn=2754-6993|pmc=8938488 }}</ref>

Hallucinations can occur in any [[Stimulus modality|sensory modality]]—[[visual system|visual]], [[auditory hallucination|auditory]], [[olfaction|olfactory]], [[taste|gustatory]], [[tactition|tactile]], [[proprioception|proprioceptive]], [[equilibrioception|equilibrioceptive]], [[nociception|nociceptive]], [[thermoception|thermoceptive]] and [[time perception|chronoceptive]]. Hallucinations are referred to as multimodal if multiple sensory modalities occur.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Montagnese M, Leptourgos P, Fernyhough C, Waters F, Larøi F, Jardri R, McCarthy-Jones S, Thomas N, Dudley R, Taylor JP, Collerton D, Urwyler P | title = A Review of Multimodal Hallucinations: Categorization, Assessment, Theoretical Perspectives, and Clinical Recommendations | journal = Schizophrenia Bulletin | volume = 47 | issue = 1 | pages = 237–248 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 32772114 | doi = 10.31219/osf.io/zebxv | pmc = 7825001 | s2cid = 243338891 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dudley R, Aynsworth C, Cheetham R, McCarthy-Jones S, Collerton D | title = Prevalence and characteristics of multi-modal hallucinations in people with psychosis who experience visual hallucinations | journal = Psychiatry Research | volume = 269 | pages = 25–30 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30145297 | doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.032 | s2cid = 52092886 }}</ref>

A mild form of hallucination is known as a ''disturbance'', and can occur in most of the senses above. These may be things like seeing movement in [[peripheral vision]], or hearing faint noises or voices. Auditory hallucinations are very common in [[schizophrenia]]. They may be benevolent (telling the subject good things about themselves) or malicious, cursing the subject. 55% of auditory hallucinations are malicious in content,<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Auditory Hallucinations in Adult Populations|url=https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/auditory-hallucinations-adult-populations|access-date=2021-02-01|journal=Psychiatric Times|series=Vol 31 No 12|date=30 December 2014|volume=31|issue=12|vauthors=Waters F|archive-date=2022-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607052027/https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/auditory-hallucinations-adult-populations|url-status=live}}</ref> for example, people talking about the subject, not speaking to them directly. Like auditory hallucinations, the source of the visual counterpart can also be behind the subject. This can produce a feeling of being looked or stared at, usually with malicious intent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sense of Being Stared At -- Part 1: Is it Real or Illusory? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233632394}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Auditory Hallucinations |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23233-auditory-hallucinations |website=clevelandclinic.org}}</ref> Frequently, auditory hallucinations and their visual counterpart are experienced by the subject together.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Waters F, Collerton D, Ffytche DH, Jardri R, Pins D, Dudley R, Blom JD, Mosimann UP, Eperjesi F, Ford S, Larøi F | title = Visual hallucinations in the psychosis spectrum and comparative information from neurodegenerative disorders and eye disease | journal = Schizophrenia Bulletin | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = S233–S245 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 24936084 | pmc = 4141306 | doi = 10.1093/schbul/sbu036 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

[[Hypnagogic hallucination]]s and [[hypnopompia|hypnopompic hallucinations]] are considered normal phenomena. Hypnagogic hallucinations can occur as one is falling asleep and hypnopompic hallucinations occur when one is waking up. Hallucinations can be associated with [[Psychoactive drug|drug]] use (particularly [[deliriant]]s), [[sleep deprivation]], [[psychosis]] (including stress-related psychosis<ref>Prateek Varshney, Santosh Kumar Chaturvedi: [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=pl&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=stress+induced+psychosis&oq=stress-induce#d=gs_qabs&t=1742630032925&u=%23p%3D6TsexlTiHo0J Stress related and stress induced psychosis]</ref>), [[neurological disorder]]s, and [[delirium tremens]]. Many hallucinations happen also during [[sleep paralysis]].<ref name="newrev2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jalal B | title = The neuropharmacology of sleep paralysis hallucinations: serotonin 2A activation and a novel therapeutic drug | journal = Psychopharmacology | volume = 235 | issue = 11 | pages = 3083–3091 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30288594 | pmc = 6208952 | doi = 10.1007/s00213-018-5042-1 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

The word "hallucination" itself was introduced into the English language by the 17th-century physician Sir [[Thomas Browne]] in 1646 from the derivation of the Latin word ''alucinari'' meaning to wander in the mind. For Browne, hallucination means a sort of vision that is "depraved and receive[s] its objects erroneously".<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Browne T | date = 1646 | title = Pseudodoxia Epidemica | volume = III | chapter = XVIII: That Moles are blinde and have no eyes }}</ref>
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