Editing Halothane (section)

{{Short description|General anaesthetic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=6}}
{{Infobox drug
| verifiedrevid = 443852402
| image = 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 200.svg
| image_class = skin-invert-image
| width = 120
| alt = 
| image2 = Halothane-3D-vdW.png
| image_class2 = bg-transparent
| width2 = 120
| alt2 =

<!-- Clinical data -->
| pronounce = 
| tradename = Fluothane
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|pro|halothane}}
| MedlinePlus = 
| DailyMedID = Halothane
| pregnancy_AU = <!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->
| pregnancy_AU_comment = 
| pregnancy_category= 
| routes_of_administration = [[Inhalation]]
| class = 
| ATC_prefix = N01
| ATC_suffix = AB01
| ATC_supplemental =

<!-- Legal status -->
| legal_AU = <!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled -->
| legal_AU_comment = 
| legal_BR = C1
| legal_BR_comment = <ref>{{Cite web |author=Anvisa |author-link=Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency |date=31 March 2023 |title=RDC Nº 784 — Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial |trans-title=Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 — Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control|url=https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803143925/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992 |archive-date=3 August 2023 |access-date=16 August 2023 |publisher=[[Diário Oficial da União]] |language=pt-BR |publication-date=4 April 2023}}</ref>
| legal_CA = <!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->
| legal_CA_comment = 
| legal_DE = <!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled -->
| legal_DE_comment = 
| legal_NZ = <!-- Class A, B, C -->
| legal_NZ_comment = 
| legal_UK = <!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C -->
| legal_UK_comment = 
| legal_US = Rx-only
| legal_US_comment = <ref>{{cite web | title=Halothane, USP | website=DailyMed | date=18 September 2013 | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/archives/fdaDrugInfo.cfm?archiveid=120083 | access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Fluothane">{{cite web | title=Fluothane: FDA-Approved Drugs | website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration | url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=011338 | access-date=12 February 2022}}</ref>
| legal_EU = 
| legal_EU_comment = 
| legal_UN = <!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV -->
| legal_UN_comment = 
| legal_status = <!-- For countries not listed above -->

<!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->
| bioavailability = 
| protein_bound = 
| metabolism = [[Liver|Hepatic]] ([[CYP2E1]]<ref name = "DB01159">{{cite web | url = https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01159 | title = Halothane | id = DB01159 | work = DrugBank }}</ref>)
| metabolites = 
| onset = 
| elimination_half-life = 
| duration_of_action = 
| excretion = [[Kidney]], [[respiratory]]

<!-- Identifiers -->
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 151-67-7
| CAS_supplemental = 
| PubChem = 3562
| IUPHAR_ligand = 2401
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB01159
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 3441
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = UQT9G45D1P
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D00542
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 5615
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 931
| NIAID_ChemDB = 
| PDB_ligand = 
| synonyms =

<!-- Chemical and physical data -->
| IUPAC_name = 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane
| C=2 | H=1 | Br=1 | Cl=1 | F=3
| SMILES = BrC(Cl)C(F)(F)F
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C2HBrClF3/c3-1(4)2(5,6)7/h1H
| StdInChI_comment = 
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = BCQZXOMGPXTTIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| density = 1.871
| density_notes = (at 20 °C)
| melting_point = -118
| melting_high = 
| melting_notes = 
| boiling_point = 50.2
| boiling_notes = 
| solubility = 
| sol_units = 
| specific_rotation = 
}}
<!-- Definition and medical uses -->
'''Halothane''', sold under the brand name '''Fluothane''' among others, is a [[general anaesthetic]].<ref name=WHO2008/> It can be used to induce or maintain [[anaesthesia]].<ref name=WHO2008/> One of its benefits is that it does not increase the production of [[saliva]], which can be particularly useful in those who are difficult to [[intubate]].<ref name=WHO2008/> It is given by [[inhalation]].<ref name=WHO2008>{{cite book | title = WHO Model Formulary 2008 | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-92-4-154765-9 | author = ((World Health Organization)) | veditors = Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR | hdl = 10665/44053 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | hdl-access=free | pages=17–8 }}</ref>

<!-- Side effects and mechanism -->
Side effects include an [[Heart arrhythmia|irregular heartbeat]], [[respiratory depression]], and [[hepatotoxicity]].<ref name=WHO2008/> Like all volatile anesthetics, it should not be used in people with a personal or family history of [[malignant hyperthermia]].<ref name=WHO2008/> It appears to be safe in [[porphyria]].<ref name="Porphyrias">{{cite journal | vauthors = James MF, Hift RJ | title = Porphyrias | journal = British Journal of Anaesthesia | volume = 85 | issue = 1 | pages = 143–53 | date = July 2000 | pmid = 10928003 | doi = 10.1093/bja/85.1.143 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref> It is unclear whether its usage during [[pregnancy]] is harmful to the fetus, and its use during a [[cesarean section|C-section]] is generally discouraged.<ref name=Pro2005/> Halothane is a [[Chirality (chemistry)|chiral]] molecule that is used as a [[racemic mixture]].<ref name="The Anaesthesia Science Viva Book">{{cite book| vauthors = Bricker S |title=The Anaesthesia Science Viva Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RkhPlWywV_IC&pg=PT161|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=17 June 2004|isbn=978-0-521-68248-0|via=Google Books|page=161|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910175402/https://books.google.com/books?id=RkhPlWywV_IC&pg=PT161|archive-date=10 September 2017}}</ref>

<!-- Society and culture -->
Halothane was discovered in 1951.<ref name=Wal2012>{{cite book| vauthors = Walker SR |title=Trends and Changes in Drug Research and Development|date=2012|publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-009-2659-2|page=109|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FB_2CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910151826/https://books.google.com/books?id=FB_2CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109|archive-date=10 September 2017}}</ref> It was approved for medical use in the United States in 1958.<ref name="Fluothane" /> It is on the [[WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines]].<ref name="WHO23rd">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | year = 2023 | hdl = 10665/371090 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> Its use in [[developed countries]] has been mostly replaced by newer anesthetic agents such as [[sevoflurane]].<ref>{{cite book| vauthors=Yentis SM, Hirsch NP, Ip J |title=Anaesthesia and Intensive Care A-Z: An Encyclopedia of Principles and Practice |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-7020-5375-7 |page=264 |edition=5th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Te7TAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA264 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910175402/https://books.google.com/books?id=Te7TAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA264 |archive-date=10 September 2017}}</ref> It is no longer commercially available in the United States.<ref name=Pro2005>{{cite web |title=Halothane — FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses |website=www.drugs.com |url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/halothane.html |access-date=13 December 2016 |date=June 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221003503/https://www.drugs.com/pro/halothane.html |archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> Halothane also contributes to [[ozone depletion]].<ref name=Kum2013>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1VXUBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 |title=Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Sources, Fate, Effects and Risks| vauthors = Kümmerer K |publisher=Springer |year=2013 |isbn=978-3-662-09259-0 |pages=33}}</ref><ref name=Lan1999>{{cite journal |vauthors=Langbein T, Sonntag H, Trapp D, Hoffmann A, Malms W, Röth EP, Mörs V, Zellner R |title=Volatile anaesthetics and the atmosphere: atmospheric lifetimes and atmospheric effects of halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, desflurane and sevoflurane |journal=British Journal of Anaesthesia |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=66–73 |date=January 1999 |pmid=10325839 |doi=10.1093/bja/82.1.66 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}</ref>