Editing Haptic technology (section)

{{short description|Any form of interaction involving touch}}
{{distinguish|Tactile technology}}
[[File:Chief Master Sgt. Mark Umfleet, 317th Airlift Wing command chief, tests HaptX Gloves Development Kit 2 at Dyess Air Force Base, Texas, May 10, 2021.jpg|thumb|Haptic gloves used with a virtual reality headset]]
[[File:NASA Tactile Interface – CPI Draft White Paper.png|thumb|1992 tactile interface glove design from NASA]]
'''Haptic technology''' (also '''kinaesthetic communication''' or '''3D touch''')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zums.ac.ir/files/research/site/ebooks/Human-Computer%20Interaction/Augmented_Reality.pdf|title=Augmented Reality|website=Zums.ac.ir|access-date=19 April 2019|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328153334/http://zums.ac.ir/files/research/site/ebooks/Human-Computer%20Interaction/Augmented_Reality.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Biswas | first1 = S. | last2 = Visell | first2 = Y. | year = 2019 | title = Emerging Material Technologies for Haptics | journal = Advanced Materials Technologies | volume = 4 | issue = 4| page = 1900042 | doi = 10.1002/admt.201900042| s2cid = 116269522 }}</ref> is technology that can create an experience of [[somatosensory system|touch]] by applying [[#Force feedback|force]]s, [[#Vibration|vibration]]s, or motions to the user.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gabriel Robles-De-La-Torre |url=http://www.isfh.org/ch.html |title=International Society for Haptics: Haptic technology, an animated explanation |publisher=Isfh.org |access-date=2010-02-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307033200/http://www.isfh.org/ch.html |archive-date=2010-03-07 }}</ref> These technologies can be used to create virtual objects in a [[computer simulation]], to control virtual objects, and to enhance remote control of machines and devices ([[telerobotics]]). Haptic devices may incorporate [[tactile sensor]]s that measure forces exerted by the user on the interface. The word ''[[wikt:haptic|haptic]]'', from the {{langx|grc|ἁπτικός}} (''haptikos''), means "tactile, pertaining to the sense of touch". Simple haptic devices are common in the form of [[game controller]]s, [[joystick]]s, and [[steering wheel]]s.

Haptic technology facilitates investigation of how the human sense of touch works by allowing the creation of controlled haptic virtual objects. Vibrations and other tactile cues have also become an integral part of mobile user experience and interface design.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hampton |first1=William |last2=Zhao |first2=Xin |last3=Goldsmith |first3=Kelly |date=2024 |title=Subtle Haptic Cues Increase Online Purchasing by Activating Reward Mechanisms |journal=Journal of Consumer Research |doi=10.1093/jcr/ucaf025}}</ref> Most researchers distinguish three [[Somatosensory system|sensory systems]] related to sense of touch in humans: [[Cutaneous receptor|cutaneous]], [[Proprioception|kinaesthetic]] and [[Haptic perception|haptic]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Biswas | first1 = S. | last2 = Visell | first2 = Y. | year = 2021 | title = Haptic Perception, Mechanics, and Material Technologies for Virtual Reality | journal = Advanced Functional Materials | volume = 31 | issue = 39 | page = 2008186 | doi = 10.1002/adfm.202008186| s2cid = 233893051 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Srinivasan | first1 = M.A. | last2 = LaMotte | first2 = R.H. | year = 1995 | title = Tactual discrimination of softness | journal = Journal of Neurophysiology | volume = 73 | issue = 1| pages = 88–101 | doi = 10.1152/jn.1995.73.1.88 | pmid = 7714593 }}</ref><ref>Freyberger, F.K.B. & Färber, B. (2006). "Compliance discrimination of deformable objects by squeezing with one and two fingers".  ''Proceedings of EuroHaptics''  (pp. 271–76).</ref> All perceptions mediated by [[cutaneous]] and kinaesthetic sensibility are referred to as tactual perception. The sense of touch may be classified as passive and active,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bergmann Tiest | first1 = W.M. | last2 = Kappers | first2 = A.M.L. | year = 2009a | title = Cues for haptic perception of compliance | url = https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/40079/tth2009040189.pdf?sequence=2 | journal = IEEE Transactions on Haptics | volume = 2 | issue = 4| pages = 189–99 | doi = 10.1109/toh.2009.16 | pmid = 27788104 | hdl = 1874/40079 | s2cid = 5718866 }}</ref> and the term "haptic" is often associated with active touch to communicate or recognize objects.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tiest | first1 = W.M. | year = 2010 | title = Tactual perception of material properties | journal = Vision Res | volume = 50 | issue = 24| pages = 2775–82 | doi = 10.1016/j.visres.2010.10.005 | pmid = 20937297 | hdl = 1874/204059 | s2cid = 781594 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>