Editing Hashish (section)

{{Short description|Compressed form of powdered cannabis}}
{{Infobox botanical product
| name             = Hashish
| image            = Hashish, American pressed.jpg
| caption          = {{convert|1.5|g|oz|frac=16}} hashish
| plant            = ''[[Cannabis indica]]'', ''[[Cannabis sativa]]'', ''[[Cannabis ruderalis]]''{{efn|Pure [[Variety (botany)|varieties]] of ''C.&nbsp;ruderalis'' are rarely used for recreational purposes (including as hashish) due to their negligible amounts of [[Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Marijuana Horticulture: The Indoor/Outdoor Medical Grower's Bible|last = Cervantes|first = Jorge|publisher = Van Patten Publishing|year = 2006|isbn = 9781878823236|pages = [https://archive.org/details/marijuanahorticu00jorg/page/12 12]|edition = 5th|url-access = registration|url = https://archive.org/details/marijuanahorticu00jorg/page/12}}</ref>}}
| part             = [[Trichome]]
| origin           = [[South Asia]]<ref name="ElSohly2007">{{cite book|author=Mahmoud A. ElSohly|title=Marijuana and the Cannabinoids|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fxoJPVNKYUgC&pg=PA8|year=2007|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-59259-947-9|page=8|access-date=2016-08-02|archive-date=2023-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115081305/https://books.google.com/books?id=fxoJPVNKYUgC&pg=PA8|url-status=live}}</ref>
| active           = [[Tetrahydrocannabinol]], [[cannabidiol]], [[cannabinol]], [[tetrahydrocannabivarin]]
| legal_AU         = S8
| legal_CA         = Unscheduled
| legal_DE         = Anlage I
| legal_UK         = Class B
| legal_US         = Schedule I
| legal_UN         = Narcotic Schedule I
}}
{{Cannabis sidebar}}

'''Hashish''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-au-hashish.ogg|h|ə|ˈ|ʃ|iː|ʃ}}; {{ety|ar|ḥašiš {{lang|ar|حشيش}}|hay}}), usually abbreviated as '''hash''', is a [[Compression (physics)|compressed]] form of resin (trichomes) derived from the [[cannabis]] flowers.<ref name=EMCDDA08>{{cite journal| last1 = EMCDDA| year = 2008| title = A cannabis reader: global issues and local experiences| url = http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/monographs/cannabis| journal = Monograph Series| volume = 8| issue = 1| access-date = 2017-06-29| archive-date = 2019-04-04| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190404195932/http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/monographs/cannabis| url-status = live}} European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, {{doi|10.2810/13807}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2020-06-25|title=What is Hash?|url=https://www.leafly.com/news/cannabis-101/what-is-hashish|access-date=2020-10-05|website=Leafly|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009012637/https://www.leafly.com/news/cannabis-101/what-is-hashish|url-status=live}}</ref> As a [[Psychoactive drug|psychoactive substance]], it is consumed plain or mixed with [[tobacco]]. It has a long history of use in countries such as [[Afghanistan]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], [[Lebanon]], [[Morocco]], and [[Egypt]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The History Of Hashish|url=http://druglibrary.org/MedicalMj/hash/history_of_hashish.htm|access-date=2020-10-05|website=druglibrary.org|archive-date=2020-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811184413/http://druglibrary.org/MedicalMj/hash/history_of_hashish.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Hashish consumption is also popular in Europe. In the United States, dried flowers or [[Cannabis concentrate|concentrates]] are more popular, and hash has seen a relative decrease in popularity following changes in laws that have indirectly allowed for the development and increased availability of cannabis extracts that are more potent than traditional hashish, although regional differences in product preferences exist.<ref>{{cite web|title=Is Old-School Hashish Going Extinct in America?|url=https://merryjane.com/culture/is-old-school-hashish-going-extinct-in-america|access-date=2020-10-05|website=MERRY JANE|date=9 May 2019 |language=en|archive-date=2020-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009161704/https://merryjane.com/culture/is-old-school-hashish-going-extinct-in-america|url-status=live}}</ref> Like many recreational drugs, multiple synonyms and alternative names for hashish exist, and vary greatly depending on the country and native language.<ref name="drugsCom">{{cite web|title=Hashish|url=https://www.drugs.com/illicit/hashish.html|website=drugs.com|access-date=19 May 2017|archive-date=26 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426175608/https://www.drugs.com/illicit/hashish.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Hashish is a cannabis concentrate product composed of compressed or purified preparations of stalked resin glands, called trichomes, from the plant. It is defined by the 1961 UN [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs]] (Schedule I and IV) as "the separated resin, whether crude or purified, obtained from the cannabis plant". The resin contains ingredients such as [[tetrahydrocannabinol]] (THC) and other [[cannabinoid]]s—but often in higher concentrations than the unsifted or unprocessed cannabis flower.<ref>Russo, Ethan.  ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qH-2Lj9x7L4C&pg=PT34 Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential]'', p. 34 (Routledge 2013).</ref> Purities of confiscated hashish in Europe (2011) range between 3% and 15%. Between 2000 and 2005, the percentage of hashish in cannabis end product seizures was at 18%.<ref name="EMCDDA08" /> With the strength of unprocessed cannabis flowers having increased greatly in recent years—with flowers containing upwards of 25% THC by weight—the strength of hashish produced today and in the future is likely to be far more potent than in these older records.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=ElSohly|first1=Mahmoud A.|last2=Mehmedic|first2=Zlatko|last3=Foster|first3=Susan|last4=Gon|first4=Chandrani|last5=Chandra|first5=Suman|last6=Church|first6=James C.|date=2016-04-01|title=Changes in Cannabis Potency over the Last Two Decades (1995-2014) - Analysis of Current Data in the United States|journal=Biological Psychiatry|volume=79|issue=7|pages=613–619|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.01.004|issn=0006-3223|pmc=4987131|pmid=26903403}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Highly Potent Weed Has Swept The Market, Raising Concerns About Health Risks|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/05/15/723656629/highly-potent-weed-has-swept-the-market-raising-concerns-about-health-risks|access-date=2020-10-05|website=NPR.org|language=en|archive-date=2020-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008212223/https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/05/15/723656629/highly-potent-weed-has-swept-the-market-raising-concerns-about-health-risks|url-status=live}}</ref>

The consistency and appearance of hashish is highly dependent on the process used and the amount of leftover plant material (e.g. chlorophyll). It is typically solid, though its consistency ranges from brittle to malleable. It is most commonly light or dark brown in color, though may appear transparent, yellow, black, or red.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.druglibrary.org/medicalmj/hash/guide_to_the_different_types_of_.htm|title=Guide To The Different Types Of Hashish|website=www.druglibrary.org|access-date=2014-01-09|archive-date=2014-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109183505/http://www.druglibrary.org/medicalmj/hash/guide_to_the_different_types_of_.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In recent years, the terpene ''hashishene'' was identified as possibly responsible for the characteristic smell and aroma of haschisch, as compared to raw herbal cannabis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marchini |first=Marie |last2=Charvoz |first2=Céline |last3=Dujourdy |first3=Laurence |last4=Baldovini |first4=Nicolas |last5=Filippi |first5=Jean-Jacques |date=2014-11-28 |title=Multidimensional analysis of cannabis volatile constituents: identification of 5,5-dimethyl-1-vinylbicyclo[2.1.1]hexane as a volatile marker of hashish, the resin of Cannabis sativa L |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25454145 |journal=Journal of Chromatography A |volume=1370 |pages=200–215 |doi=10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.045 |issn=1873-3778 |pmid=25454145}}</ref>