Editing Hate speech (section)

{{Short description|Speech that expresses hatred towards individuals or groups}}
{{distinguish|profanity}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}} 
{{Discrimination sidebar |Manifestations}}

'''Hate speech''' is a term with varied meaning and has no single, consistent definition. It is defined by the ''[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge Dictionary]]'' as "public speech that expresses hate or encourages violence towards a person or group based on something such as race, religion, sex, or sexual orientation".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/hate-speech|title=hate speech|website=dictionary.cambridge.org}}</ref> The ''Encyclopedia of the American Constitution'' states that hate speech is "usually thought to include communications of animosity or disparagement of an individual or a group on account of a group characteristic such as race, color, national origin, sex, disability, religion, or sexual orientation".<ref>John T. Nockleby, "Hate Speech," in ''Encyclopedia of the American Constitution'',  eds. Leonard W. Levy and Kenneth L. Karst, vol. 3 (2nd ed., Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2000, pp. 1277–1279);  quoted by {{cite journal |title=Library 2.0 and the Problem of Hate Speech |first1=Margaret |last1=Brown-Sica |first2=Jeffrey |last2=Beall |url=http://southernlibrarianship.icaap.org/content/v09n02/brown-sica_m01.html#_edn2 |journal=Electronic Journal of Academic and Special Librarianship |volume=9 |issue=2 |date=2008 |access-date=June 22, 2021}}</ref> There is no single definition of what constitutes "hate" or "disparagement". Legal definitions of hate speech vary from country to country.

There has been much debate over [[freedom of speech]], hate  speech, and hate speech legislation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://assets.cambridge.org/97805211/91098/frontmatter/9780521191098_frontmatter.pdf |title=Herz, Michael and Peter Molnar, eds. 2012. ''The content and context of hate speech''. Cambridge University Press. |access-date=31 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713011547/http://assets.cambridge.org/97805211/91098/frontmatter/9780521191098_frontmatter.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2018 }}</ref> The laws of some countries describe [[hatred|hate]] speech as speech, gestures, conduct, writing, or displays that [[Incitement|incite]] [[violence]] or [[Prejudice|prejudicial]] actions against a group or individuals on the basis of their membership in the group, or that disparage or intimidate a group or individuals on the basis of their membership in the group. The law may identify protected groups based on certain characteristics.<ref name="legislation.gov.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/44/section/146|title=Criminal Justice Act 2003|website=www.legislation.gov.uk|access-date=2017-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.ypinaction.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Activists_Guide_English_nov_14_2010.pdf|title=An Activist's Guide to The Yogyakarta Principles|date=14 November 2010|page=125|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104093608/http://www.ypinaction.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Activists_Guide_English_nov_14_2010.pdf|archive-date=4 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kinney |first=Terry A. |title=Hate Speech and Ethnophaulisms |journal=The International Encyclopedia of Communication |date= June 5, 2008 |doi=10.1002/9781405186407.wbiech004 |isbn=978-1405186407}}</ref> In some countries, [[Hate speech in the United States|including the United States]], what is usually labelled "hate speech" is constitutionally protected.<ref>{{cite web |title=CNN's Chris Cuomo: First Amendment doesn't cover hate speech |url=http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2015/may/07/chris-cuomo/cnns-chris-cuomo-first-amendment-doesnt-cover-hate/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724041326/https://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2015/may/07/chris-cuomo/cnns-chris-cuomo-first-amendment-doesnt-cover-hate/ |archive-date=24 July 2019 |access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Turley |first=Jonathan |date=2023-02-25 |title=Yes, hate speech is constitutionally protected |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/judiciary/3873943-yes-hate-speech-is-constitutionally-protected/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=The Hill |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Stone, Geoffrey R. (1994). [https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://duckduckgo.com/&httpsredir=1&article=3246&context=journal_articles "Hate Speech and the U.S. Constitution."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427045441/https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fduckduckgo.com%2F&httpsredir=1&article=3246&context=journal_articles |date=27 April 2018 }} ''East European Constitutional Review'', vol. 3, pp. 78–82.</ref><ref name="volokh"/> In some other countries, a victim of hate speech may seek redress under [[Private law|civil law]], [[criminal law]], or both.

Hate speech is generally accepted to be one of the prerequisites for [[Atrocity crime|mass atrocities]] such as [[genocide]].<ref name="Gordon2017">{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Gregory S. |title=Atrocity Speech Law: Foundation, Fragmentation, Fruition |date=2017 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |ssrn=3230050 |isbn=978-0-19-061270-2 |language=en |access-date=15 January 2022 |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3230050}}</ref> [[Incitement to genocide]] is an extreme form of hate speech, and has been prosecuted in [[international courts]] such as the [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]].