Editing Hawaiian language (section)

{{Short description|Endangered Polynesian language of Hawaii}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Hawaiian
| nativename       = {{native name|haw|ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi|paren=omit}}
| state            = [[Hawaiian Islands]]
| region           = most vibrantly on [[Niʻihau]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Hawaiian|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/haw|publisher=SIL International|year=2015|access-date=13 January 2016}}</ref>
| ethnicity        = [[Native Hawaiians|Hawaiian]]
| speakers         = ~300<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/125 | title=Hawaiian - Endangered Languages Project| date=7 October 2024 }}</ref>
| date             = 2007
| ref              = e25
| familycolor      = Austronesian
| fam2             = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| fam3             = [[Oceanic languages|Oceanic]]
| fam4             = [[Polynesian languages|Polynesian]]
| fam5             = [[Eastern Polynesian languages|Eastern Polynesian]]
| fam6             = [[Marquesic languages|Marquesic]]
| ancestor         = [[Proto-Austronesian language|Proto-Austronesian]]
| ancestor2        = [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language|Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]]
| ancestor3        = [[Proto-Oceanic language|Proto-Oceanic]]
| ancestor4        = [[Proto-Central Pacific language|Proto-Central Pacific]]
| ancestor5        = [[Proto-Polynesian language|Proto-Polynesian]]
| script           = {{ubl|[[Latin script|Latin]]&nbsp;([[Hawaiian&nbsp;alphabet]])|[[Hawaiian Braille]]}}
| sign             = 
| nation           = {{flag|United States}}<br />
* {{flag|Hawaii}}
| map2             = Lang Status 20-CR.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{center|Hawaiian is classified as Critically Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''.}}
| iso2             = haw
| iso3             = haw
| lingua           = 39-CAQ-e
| notice           = IPA
| glotto           = hawa1245
| glottorefname    = Hawaiian
| dia1             = Standard Hawaiian
| dia2             = [[Niʻihau dialect]]
| dia3             = [[Molokaʻi dialect]]
| speakers2        = L2: 22,000–24,000<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hawaiistar.com/how-many-people-speak-hawaiian/ | title=How Many People Speak Hawaiian? - Hawaii Star | date=5 August 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2013/demo/2009-2013-lang-tables.html/ | title=Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and over: 2009-2013 }}</ref><br>
Used at home: 18,000<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326511235_Digital_Realities_of_Indigenous_Language_Revitalization_A_Look_at_Hawaiian_Language_Technology_in_the_Modern_World {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|[ʔoːˈlɛlo həˈvɐjʔi]}}
}}

'''Hawaiian''' (''{{lang|haw|{{okina}}ōlelo Hawai{{okina}}i}}'', {{IPA|haw|ʔoːˈlɛlo həˈvɐjʔi|pron}})<ref>{{Hawaiian Dictionaries|{{Okina}}ōlelo|id=D15294}}</ref> is a [[Polynesian language]] and a critically [[endangered language]] of the [[Austronesian language family]] that takes its name from [[Hawaii (island)|Hawai{{okina}}i]], the largest island in [[Hawaiian Islands|the tropical North Pacific archipelago]] where it developed. Hawaiian, along with [[English language|English]], is an official language of the [[Hawaii|US state of Hawaii]].<ref name="Article XV, Section 4">{{cite web |title=Article XV, Section 4 |url=https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol01_Ch0001-0042F/05-Const/CONST_0015-0004.htm |website=Constitution of the State of Hawai'i |publisher=Hawai'i State Legislature |access-date=24 September 2018 |language=en |date=1978}}</ref> [[Kamehameha III|King Kamehameha III]] established the first Hawaiian-language [[1840 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom|constitution]] in 1839 and 1840.<ref name="Punawaiola">{{cite web|title='Okatoba 8: Kumukānāwai o ka Makahiki 1840|url=https://manoa.hawaii.edu/punawaiola/2018/10/09/okatoba-8-kumukanawai-o-ka-makahiki-1840/|website=Punawaiola|publisher=University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa|access-date=22 August 2024|language=en|date=2024}}</ref>

In 1896, the [[Republic of Hawaii]] passed Act 57, an English-only law which subsequently banned Hawaiian language as the medium of instruction in publicly funded schools and promoted strict physical punishment for children caught speaking the Hawaiian language in schools. The Hawaiian language was not again allowed to be used as a medium of instruction in Hawaii's public schools until 1987, a span of 91 years.<ref name="Gutierrez 2022">{{cite web |last=Gutierrez |first=Ben |title=Lawmakers adopt resolution apologizing for ban on Hawaiian language in schools |website=www.hawaiinewsnow.com |date=2022-04-28 |url=https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/2022/04/28/lawmakers-adopt-resolution-apologizing-ban-hawaiian-language-schools/ |access-date=2023-01-21}}</ref>  The number of [[first language|native speakers]] of Hawaiian gradually decreased during the period from the 1830s to the 1950s. English essentially displaced Hawaiian on six of seven inhabited islands. In 2001, native speakers of Hawaiian amounted to less than 0.1% of the statewide population. 

Nevertheless, from around 1949 to the present day, there has been a gradual increase in attention to and promotion of the language. Public Hawaiian-language immersion preschools called [[Pūnana Leo]] were established in 1984; other immersion schools followed soon after that. Most of the first students to start in immersion preschool have since graduated from college, and many are fluent Hawaiian speakers. However, the language is still classified as critically endangered by UNESCO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php|title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger|publisher=UNESCO |language=en |access-date=2017-11-20}}</ref>

A [[creole language]], [[Hawaiian Pidgin]] (or Hawaii Creole English, HCE), is more commonly spoken in Hawai‘i than Hawaiian.<ref>{{cite news |title=Languages Spoken in Hawaii |url=https://exclusivehawaiirehab.com/blog/languages-spoken-in-hawaii/ |access-date=16 January 2022 |work=Exclusive Hawaii Rehab |date=3 December 2021}}</ref> Some linguists, as well as many locals, argue that Hawaiian Pidgin is a [[dialect]] of American English.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fishman|first=Joshua A.|date=1977|title='Standard' versus 'Dialect' in Bilingual Education: An Old Problem in a New Context|journal=The Modern Language Journal|volume=61|issue=7|pages=315–325|doi=10.1111/j.1540-4781.1977.tb05146.x|issn=0026-7902}}</ref> Born from the increase of immigrants from Japan, China, Puerto Rico, Korea, Portugal, Spain and the Philippines, the pidgin creole language was a necessity in the plantations. Hawaiian and immigrant laborers as well as the ''luna'', or overseers, found a way to communicate among themselves. Pidgin eventually made its way off the plantation and into the greater community, where it is still used to this day.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Haertig |first=E. W. |year=1972 |title=Nana i Ke Kumu Vol. 2 |publisher=Hui Hanai}}</ref>