Editing Hereditary multiple exostoses (section)

{{short description|Rare skeletal disorder}}
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{{Infobox medical condition
| name            = Hereditary multiple osteochondromas
| synonyms        = Hereditary multiple exostoses
| image           = EXT4.jpg
| caption         = Photograph of the legs of a 26-year-old male showing multiple lumps leading to deformity
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'''Hereditary multiple osteochondromas''' ('''HMO'''), also known as '''hereditary multiple exostoses''', is a disorder characterized by the development of multiple [[benign]] osteocartilaginous masses ([[exostosis|exostoses]]) in relation to the ends of long bones of the lower limbs such as the femurs and tibias and of the upper limbs such as the humeri and forearm bones. They are also known as [[osteochondroma]]s. Additional sites of occurrence include on flat bones such as the pelvic bone and scapula. The distribution and number of these exostoses show a wide diversity among affected individuals.  Exostoses usually present during childhood. The vast majority of affected individuals become clinically manifest by the time they reach adolescence.<ref name=elsobky2018>{{cite journal | vauthors = El-Sobky TA, Samir S, Atiyya AN, Mahmoud S, Aly AS, Soliman R | title = Current paediatric orthopaedic practice in hereditary multiple osteochondromas of the forearm: a systematic review | journal = SICOT-J | volume = 4 | pages = 10 | date = 21 March 2018 | pmid = 29565244 | pmc = 5863686 | doi = 10.1051/sicotj/2018002 }}</ref><ref name=refmakhdom>{{cite journal | vauthors = Makhdom AM, Jiang F, Hamdy RC, Benaroch TE, Lavigne M, Saran N | title = Hip joint osteochondroma: systematic review of the literature and report of three further cases | journal = Advances in Orthopedics | volume = 2014 | pages = 180254 | date = 20 May 2014 | pmid = 24963411 | pmc = 4054980 | doi = 10.1155/2014/180254 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The incidence of hereditary multiple exostoses is around  1 in 50,000 individuals.<ref name=Genereviews>{{cite book | vauthors = Wuyts W, Schmale GA, Chansky HA, Raskind WH | chapter = Hereditary Multiple Osteochondromas. | date = 21 November 2013 | pmid = 20301413 | chapter-url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1235/ | title = GeneReviews | publisher = University of Washington, Seattle | access-date = 24 March 2018 }}</ref><ref name="turek" /><ref name="pmid8027127" /> Hereditary multiple osteochondromas is the preferred term used by the [[World Health Organization]]. A small percentage of affected individuals are at risk for development of [[sarcoma]]s as a result of [[malignant transformation]]. The risk that people with hereditary multiple osteochondromas have a 1 in 20 to 1 in 200 lifetime risk of developing sarcomas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hereditary multiple osteochondromas |url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/hereditary-multiple-osteochondromas/ |website=Medline |publisher=National Library of Medicine |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref>