Editing Heydar Aliyev (section)

{{Short description|President of Azerbaijan from 1993 to 2003}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Heydar Aliyev
| native_name         = {{nobold|Heydər Əliyev}}
| image               = Heydar_Aliyev_(crop).jpg
| alt                 = Photo of Aliyev wearing suit and tie
| caption             = Official portrait
| order               = 3rd
| office              = President of Azerbaijan
| primeminister       = [[Surat Huseynov]] <br /> [[Fuad Guliyev]] <br /> [[Artur Rasizade]] <br /> [[Ilham Aliyev]]
| term                = 10 October 1993&nbsp;– 31 October 2003 <br /> Acting: 24 June&nbsp;– 10 October 1993
| predecessor         = [[Abulfaz Elchibey]]
| successor           = [[Ilham Aliyev]]
| office2             = [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan|Chairman]] of the [[Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan]]
| president2          = [[Abulfaz Elchibey]]<br />Himself
| primeminister2      = [[Surat Huseynov]]<br />[[Fuad Guliyev]]
| term_start2         = 15 June 1993
| term_end2           = 5 November 1993
| predecessor2        = [[Isa Gambar]]
| successor2          = [[Rasul Guliyev]]
| office3             = [[List of leaders of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Chairman]] of the [[Supreme Assembly (Nakhchivan)|Supreme Assembly]] of the [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic]]
| term_start3         = 17 November 1990
| term_end3           = 9 October 1993
| predecessor3        = ''Position established''
| successor3          = [[Vasif Talibov]]
| office4             = [[First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union|First Deputy Chairman]] of the [[Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union]]
| term_start4         = 24 November 1982
| term_end4           = 23 October 1987
| alongside4          = [[Ivan Arkhipov]] (1982–1986)<br>[[Andrei Gromyko]] (1983–1985)<br>[[Nikolai Talyzin]] (1985–1987)<br>[[Vsevolod Murakhovsky]] (1985–1987)
| president4          = [[Vasili Kuznetsov (politician)|Vasili Kuznetsov]] (acting)<br />[[Yuri Andropov]]<br />[[Vasili Kuznetsov (politician)|Vasili Kuznetsov]] (acting)<br />[[Konstantin Chernenko]]<br />[[Vasili Kuznetsov (politician)|Vasili Kuznetsov]] (acting)<br />[[Andrei Gromyko]]
| premier4            = [[Nikolai Tikhonov]]<br />[[Nikolai Ryzhkov]]
| office5             = Full member of the [[25th Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|26th]], [[27th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|27th]] [[Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Politburo]]
| term_start5         = 22 November 1982
| term_end5           = 21 October 1987
| office6             = [[List of heads of state of Azerbaijan|First Secretary]] of the Central Committee of the [[Azerbaijan Communist Party (1920)|Azerbaijan Communist Party]]
| term_start6         = 14 July 1969
| term_end6           = 3 December 1982
| predecessor6        = [[Veli Akhundov]]
| successor6          = [[Kamran Baghirov]]
| office7             = Candidate member of the [[25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|25th]], [[26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|26th]] [[Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Politburo]]
| term_start7         = 5 March 1976
| term_end7           = 22 November 1982
| birth_name          = Heydar Alirza oğlu Aliyev<ref>{{cite web|title=The National Leader of the Azerbaijani Nation - Heydar Aliyev|url=https://heydar-aliyev-foundation.org/en/content/index/63/National-leader}}</ref>
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|1923|5|10|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Nakhchivan (city)|Nakhchivan]], Azerbaijan SSR, Transcaucasian SFSR, {{nowrap|Soviet Union}}
| death_date          = {{death date and age|2003|12|12|1923|5|10|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[Cleveland|Cleveland, Ohio]], U.S.
| resting_place       = [[Alley of Honor]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Zarifa Aliyeva]]|1948|1985|end=died}}
| children            = [[Sevil Aliyeva]]<br />[[Ilham Aliyev]]
| alma_mater          = [[Baku State University]]
| party               = [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (1945–1991) <br />[[New Azerbaijan Party]] (1992–2003)<ref name="East & Thomas 2003"/>
| signature           = Signature of Heydar Aliyev.png
| allegiance          = {{flag|Soviet Union}}
| branch              = [[Committee for State Security of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]]
| serviceyears        = 1941–1969
| rank                = [[Major General]]
| awards              = [[Hero of Socialist Labour]] (twice)
| native_name_lang    = az
| battles             = {{tree list}}
* [[Second World War]]
** [[Eastern Front (WWII)|Eastern Front]]
{{tree list/end}}
}}

'''Heydar Alirza oghlu Aliyev'''{{efn|{{langx|az|Heydər Əlirza oğlu Əliyev}} (Latin)<br/>{{lang|az|Һејдәр Әлирза оғлу Әлијев}} (Cyrillic)<br/>{{IPA|az|hejˈdæɾ æliɾˈzɑ oɣˈlu æˈlijef|IPA}}<br/>{{Langx|ru|link=no|Гейда́р Али́евич Али́ев}}<br/>{{IPA|ru|ɡʲɪjˈdar ɐˈlʲijɪvʲɪtɕ ɐˈlʲijɪf|IPA}}}} (10 May 1923<ref name="aliyev">{{cite web|url=http://aliyevheritage.org/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0021&g= |title=Heydar Aliyev biography |access-date=11 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913152639/http://aliyevheritage.org/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0021&g= |archive-date=13 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> – 12 December 2003) was an Azerbaijani politician who was a Soviet party boss in the [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]] from 1969 to 1982, and the third [[president of Azerbaijan]] from October 1993 to October 2003. 

He was a high-ranking official in the [[KGB]] of the [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Azerbaijan SSR]], serving for 28 years in [[Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies|Soviet state security organs]] (1941–1969). He governed Soviet Azerbaijan from 1969 to 1982 as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan. He held the post of [[First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union]] from 1982 to 1987. He rose through the ranks due to his close associations with [[Leonid Brezhnev]] and [[Yuri Andropov]].

Aliyev was installed as president of Azerbaijan after the [[1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état|1993 military coup]] ousted President [[Abulfaz Elchibey]].<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Freedom in the World 2009 - Azerbaijan |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/4a6452d2c.html |website=Freedom House}}</ref> Elchibey was a prominent [[Soviet dissidents|Soviet dissident]] and Azerbaijani nationalist leader who had been elected as president in independent Azerbaijan's first free election in [[1992 Azerbaijani presidential election|1992]].<ref name=":15" /> Aliyev's installation as president put an end to Azerbaijan's short post-independence democratic interlude.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schedler |first=Andreas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nXxoAgAAQBAJ |title=The Politics of Uncertainty: Sustaining and Subverting Electoral Authoritarianism |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-166983-5 |pages=399 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Waal |first=Thomas De |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glByDwAAQBAJ |title=The Caucasus: An Introduction |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-068308-5 |pages=127 |language=en}}</ref> Shortly after taking charge, Aliyev organized a [[1993 Azerbaijani presidential election|presidential election]] where he won nearly 99% of the vote.<ref name=":16">{{Citation |last=Altstadt |first=Audrey L. |title=Azerbaijan's struggle toward democracy |date=1997 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/conflict-cleavage-and-change-in-central-asia-and-the-caucasus/azerbaijans-struggle-toward-democracy/4973616DA6867A781E2FE7C3D4DB96B7 |work=Conflict, Cleavage, and Change in Central Asia and the Caucasus |pages=110–155 |editor-last=Parrott |editor-first=Bruce |series=Democratization and Authoritarianism in Post-Communist Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-59731-9 |editor2-last=Dawisha |editor2-first=Karen}}</ref> 

His regime in Azerbaijan has been described as dictatorial,<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/12/opinion/the-two-faces-of-azerbaijans-mr-aliyev.html The Two Faces of Azerbaijan's Mr. Aliyev] // [[The New York Times]], 11 January 2015</ref><ref name="HansSlomp">''Hans Slomp''. Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO, 2011. {{ISBN|0-313-39181-5}}, 9780313391811. P.672</ref><ref name="FranCoise">''FranCoise Companjen, Laszlo Maracz, Lia Versteegh''. Exploring the Caucasus in the 21st Century: Essays on Culture, History and Politics in a Dynamic Context. Amsterdam University Press, 2011. {{ISBN|90-8964-183-1}}, 9789089641830. P.121</ref><ref name="Goltz">''Thomas Goltz''. Azerbaijan Diary: A Rogue Reporter's Adventures in an Oil-Rich, War-Torn, Post-Soviet Republic. M.E. Sharpe, 1999. {{ISBN|0-7656-0244-X}}, 9780765602442. P.66</ref><ref name="Precht">''Elisabeth Precht''. [https://www.scribd.com/doc/100602961/Azerbaijan-in-the-shadow-of-dictatorship Azerbaijan In the Shadow of a Dictatorship] //Jarl Hjalmarson Foundation, 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.contact.az/docs/2013/Social/020900027838ru.htm#.UtM0-rS4vO8 В турецком учебнике Гейдар Алиев представлен как диктатор] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820044228/http://www.contact.az/docs/2013/Social/020900027838ru.htm#.UtM0-rS4vO8 |date=20 August 2017 }} // Сontact.az. 2013 Февраль 09 «''В изданной в Турции учебнике „Конституционное права“ для студентов университетов бывший президент Азербайджана Гейдар Алиев назван „диктатором“''» ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115150/http://www.contact.az/docs/2013/Social/020900027838ru.htm copy])</ref> authoritarian,<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2003/08/09/rise-of-leaders-son-sharpens-azerbaijans-identity-crisis/27907137-47f9-40a1-a322-b44b3b46751d/ Rise of Leader's Son Sharpens Azerbaijan's Identity Crisis] // [[Washington Post]]. 9 August 2003</ref><ref>[[David J. Kramer]] and [[Richard Kauzlarich]]. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2016/09/08/its-time-for-the-united-states-to-act-on-azerbaijan/ It's time for the United States to act on Azerbaijan] // [[Washington Post]], 8 September 2016</ref><ref>Svante E. Cornell [http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/article/democratization-falters-azerbaijan Democratization Falters in Azerbaijan] // Journal of Democracy 12.2 (2001) 118—131</ref><ref>[https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/institutsionalizatsiya-instituta-prezidentstva-i-perspektivy-konsolidatsii-politicheskih-rezhimov-na-postsovetskom-prostranstve Борисов Николай Александрович]. Институционализация института президентства и перспективы консолидации политических режимов на постсоветском пространстве // «Полития».-2011.-№ 4(63).-С.93-103. «''И хотя эта гипотеза ещё нуждается в дополнительной проверке, уместно предположить, что в этих государствах состоялась авторитарная консолидация, причем важнейшим её фактором был институт президентства и сами личности президентов (Сапармурат Ниязов, Эмомали Рахмон, Нурсултан Назарбаев, Гейдар Алиев)''»</ref> and repressive.<ref name="britannica">[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]. [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/15431/Heydar-Aliyev Heydar Aliyev]. <blockquote>Azerbaijani politician who, was one of the most powerful men in Azerbaijan for more than 30 years, as deputy chairman (1964–67) and chairman (1967–69) of the regional KGB, as secretary (1969–87) of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan, and from 1993 as the repressive and autocratic president of independent Azerbaijan.</blockquote></ref> He was also said to have run a heavy-handed [[police state]] where elections were rigged and dissent was repressed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/354347|title=Heidar Aliev, maestro of the Caucasus|date=31 August 2000|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=3 September 2017|issn=0013-0613}}
"There is stability, because Mr Aliev is an acute tactician who runs a heavy-handed police state. Opposition leaders who decline to be co-opted are in jail, in exile or bullied. Elections are rigged, the media muzzled."</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/dispatches/features/2008/travels_in_the_former_soviet_union/the_cult_of_heydar_aliyev.html|title=Travels in the Former Soviet Union|last=Kucera|first=Joshua|date=20 May 2008|work=Slate|access-date=3 September 2017|language=en-US|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> A [[Heydar Aliyev's cult of personality|cult of personality]] developed around Aliyev, which has continued after his death in 2003. Shortly before his death, his son [[Ilham Aliyev]] was elected president in a [[2003 Azerbaijani presidential election|fraudulent election]] and continues to lead Azerbaijan to this day.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|date=14 December 2003|title=Azerbaijan: Biography Of Deceased Former President Heidar Aliyev|url=https://eurasianet.org/azerbaijan-biography-of-deceased-former-president-heidar-aliyev|access-date=4 October 2021|website=eurasianet.org|language=en}}</ref>