Editing Hideyo Noguchi (section)

{{Short description|Japanese bacteriologist (1876–1928)}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Hideyo Noguchi
| native_name       = {{nobold|野口 英世}}
| native_name_lang  = 
| image             = Noguchi Hideyo.jpg
| caption           = 
| birth_date        = {{birth date|1876|11|9}}
| birth_place       = [[Inawashiro, Fukushima]], Japan
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|1928|05|21|1876|11|9}}
| death_place       = [[Accra]], [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]]
| resting_place     = [[Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx)|Woodlawn Cemetery]], New York City, US
| residence         = 
| ethnicity         = 
| field             = [[Bacteriology]], [[Serology]], [[Immunology]]
| work_institutions = [[Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research]], [[University of Pennsylvania]]
| doctoral_advisor  = 
| doctoral_students = 
| known_for         = [[Syphilis]]<br />[[Treponema pallidum]], [[Neurosyphilis]]
| author_abbrev_bot = 
| author_abbrev_zoo = 
| spouse            = Mary Loretta Dardis (m. 1912)
| influenced        = 
| prizes            = [[Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy]], [[Order of the Rising Sun]], [[Kober Medal]], [[Order of Dannebrog]], [[Legion of Honour]]
| module            = {{Infobox Chinese|child=yes
| kanji = 野口 英世
| hiragana = のぐち ひでよ
| romaji = Noguchi Hideyo
}}
}}
{{nihongo|'''Hideyo Noguchi'''|野口 英世|''Noguchi Hideyo''|extra=November 9, 1876 – May 21, 1928}}, also known as {{nihongo|'''Seisaku Noguchi'''|野口 清作|''Noguchi Seisaku''}}, was a prominent Japanese [[bacteriologist]] at the [[Rockefeller University|Rockefeller Institute]] known for his work on [[syphilis]], [[serology]], [[immunology]], and contributing to the long term understanding of [[neurosyphilis]].<ref name=":43">{{Cite web |last=Swaminathan |first=Srivatsan |date=May 30, 2024 |title=Hideyo Noguchi (1876–1928) |url=https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/hideyo-noguchi-1876-1928 |website=Arizona State University – Embryo Project Encyclopedia}}</ref>  

Before the Rockefeller Institute, he was a research assistant to American physician [[Silas Weir Mitchell (physician)|Silas Weir Mitchell]] at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] laying the foundation to the fields of immunology and serology.<ref name=":47">Mehl, Margaret (2023). "From Fukushima to Ghana: Noguchi Hideyo, the Peasant Boy Who Made It (2)"</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Kita |first=Atsushi |title=Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery |publisher=Kodansha USA |year=2005 |pages=132–135}}</ref> He produced one of the first serums to treat [[Timber rattlesnake|North American rattlesnake]] bites alongside [[Thorvald Madsen]] at the [[Statens Serum Institut|Statens Serum Institute]].<ref name=":30">{{Cite book |last=Cervetti |first=Nancy |title=S. Weir Mitchell, 1829–1914: Philadelphia's Literary Physician |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |year=2012 |page=229}}</ref><ref name=":31" /> 

During his research, Noguchi was an early advocate for the wide spread use of [[Antivenom|antivenoms]] in the United States before its mass production. He wrote one of the foundational texts on the topic of venoms in his monograph, ''Snake Venoms: An Investigation of Venomous Snakes with Special Reference to the Phenomena of Their Venoms.<ref name=":47" />''

Beginning at the Rockefeller Institute, he was the first person in the United States to confirm the causative agent of syphilis, ''[[Treponema pallidum]],'' after  [[Fritz Schaudinn]] and [[Erich Hoffmann]] first identified it in 1905 .<ref name=":29" /> His most notable achievement was identifying the agent of syphilis in the tissues of patients with [[General paresis of the insane|general paresis]] and [[Tabes dorsalis|tabes dorsals]], a late stage consequence of [[tertiary syphilis]], establishing the conclusive link between the physical and mental manifestation of the disease. American educator and psychiatrist [[John Clare Whitehorn]] considered the discovery an outstanding psychiatric achievement.<ref name=":44">{{Cite book |last=Plesset |first=Isabel |title=Noguchi and his Patrons |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |year=1980 |page=130}}</ref>

Later in his career, Noguchi developed the first  serum to give partial immunity to [[Rocky Mountain spotted fever|Rocky mountain spotted fever]], a notoriously lethal disease before treatment was discovered.<ref name=":42" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Noguchi |first=Hideyo |date=1923 |title=MMUNITY STUDIES OF ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER. |journal=|s2cid=9325033 }}</ref> 

Noguchi's died from yellow fever during an expedition to Africa in search for the cause of the same disease. Posthumously, his work on yellow fever was overturned. Noguchi mistaking it as a bacteria confusing it for a different tropical disease. Noguchi's claims on discovering the causative agent of [[rabies]], [[Polio|poliomyelitis]], [[trachoma]] were overturned and his pure [[Microbiological culture|culture]] of syphilis could not be reproduced. Although unsuccessful he brought more attention to often neglected obscure tropical diseases.<ref name=":54">Lederer, Susan (March 1985). "Hideyo Noguchi's Luetin Experiment and the Antivivisectionists". ''The History of Science Society''. '''76''' (1): 34-35. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1086/353736. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;232791. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;3888912.</ref><ref name=":48">{{Cite web |date=May 22, 1928 |title=Dr. Noguchi is Dead, Martyr of Science |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/05/22/archives/dr-noguchi-is-dead-martyr-of-science-bacteriologist-of-rockefeller.html |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Except he did prove [[Carrion's disease|Carrions disease]] and verruca peruana were the same species alongside fellow researcher [[Evelyn Butler Tilden|Evelyn Tilden]] continuing his research after his death.<ref name=":55" /> 

Noguchi was one of the first scientists to gain international acclaim for his scientific contributions from Japan, being nominated several times for a [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel prize in medicine]] between 1913 and 1927. Although, he did not receive the prize. Today, he's most known for being featured on the yen and the [[Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize|Hideyo Noguchi Africa prize]] given in his honor.<ref>Plesset, Isabel (1980). ''Noguchi and his Patrons''. Fairleigh Dickson University Press. p.&nbsp;112.</ref><ref name="nominationdb">{{cite web |title=Hideyo Noguchi |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=6740 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001202124/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=6740 |archive-date=October 1, 2022 |access-date=7 August 2011<!--redo semipermdead 15 Sept 2023--> |website=[[Nobel Prize]] Nomination Archive}}</ref><ref name=":47" />