Editing High Speed 1 (section)

{{Short description|High-speed railway linking London with the Channel Tunnel}}
{{Redirect|HS1}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2018}}
{{Good article}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name                            = High Speed 1
| logo                            = London St. Pancras Highspeed logo.svg
| logo_width                      = 170
| image                           = NashendenValley5490.JPG
| caption                         = High Speed 1 approaching the [[Medway Viaducts]]
| type                            = [[High-speed rail]]<br/>[[Heavy rail]]
| system                          = [[National Rail]]
| status                          = <!-- Operational -->
| locale                          = {{Unbulleted list | [[Greater London]] | [[Essex]] | [[Kent]] }}
| start                           = [[St Pancras railway station|London St Pancras International]]
| end                             = [[Channel Tunnel]] (UK portal)
| stations                        = 4
| open                            = {{plainlist|
*2003 (Section 1)
*2007 (Section 2)}}
| owner                           = [[Government of the United Kingdom|UK Government]]
<br />under concession to HS1 Limited (until 2040)
| operator                        = [[DB Cargo UK]], [[Eurostar]], [[Southeastern (train operating company)|Southeastern]]
| linelength_km                   = 109.9
| tracks                          = [[Double track]] throughout
| gauge                           = {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on}}
| load_gauge                      = [[Loading gauge#Continental Europe|UIC GC]]
| electrification                 = {{25 kV 50 Hz|conductor=overhead}}
| speed                           = {{cvt|300|km/h}}
| signalling                      = [[Transmission Voie-Machine|TVM-430]], [[Contrôle de vitesse par balises|KVB]], [[Automatic Warning System|AWS]], [[Train Protection & Warning System|TPWS]]
| website                         = {{Official URL}}
| map                             = {{switcher
| [[File:High Speed 1 CTRL.png|300px]]<br />([[:commons:File:High Speed 1 CTRL.png|Click to expand]])
| Show geographical map
| {{Channel Tunnel Rail Link|inline=y}}
| Show route diagram
}}
}}

'''High Speed 1''' ('''HS1'''), officially the '''Channel Tunnel Rail Link''' ('''CTRL'''), is a {{convert|109.9|km|mi|adj=on|abbr=off}} [[high-speed rail]]way linking [[London]] with the [[Channel Tunnel]].

It is part of the line carrying international passenger traffic between the United Kingdom and [[mainland Europe]]; it also carries domestic passenger traffic to and from stations in [[Kent]] and east London, and continental European [[loading gauge]] freight traffic. From the Channel Tunnel, the line crosses the [[River Medway]], and tunnels under the [[River Thames]], terminating at [[St Pancras railway station|London St Pancras International station]] on the north side of central London. It cost £6.84&nbsp;billion to build and opened on 14 November 2007.<ref name="aecomatkins" /> Trains run at speeds of up to {{convert|300|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=10}} on HS1.<ref>{{cite web|title=Channel Tunnel Rail Link Visit|url=http://www.isvr.soton.ac.uk/IWRN8/CTRL%20Visit.pdf|publisher=Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, [[University of Southampton]]|access-date=18 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040710095022/http://www.isvr.soton.ac.uk/iwrn8/CTRL%20Visit.pdf|archive-date=10 July 2004|quote=Section 2, which has a line speed of 225&nbsp;km/h}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/building-britains-first-high-speed-line.html |title=Building Britain's first high speed line |work=[[Railway Gazette International]] |location=London |date=1 May 1999 |access-date=26 December 2011 |quote=Speed will be reduced to {{convert|225|km/h|0|abbr=on}} between Ebbsfleet and St Pancras, primarily for aerodynamic reasons in the tunnels. |archive-date=11 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711191627/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/building-britains-first-high-speed-line.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.trainwatch.co.uk/networkrail/HS1_Section_2_Register_of_Infrastructure.pdf |title=HS1 (Section 2) Register of Infrastructure |access-date=18 February 2013 |publisher=HS1 Ltd |at=para. 1.4 |quote=Maximum allowable speed; Maximum speed of any (interoperable or otherwise) operating on Section 2 of the HS2: Passenger 225&nbsp;km/h, Freight 140&nbsp;km/h |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925183311/http://archive.trainwatch.co.uk/networkrail/HS1_Section_2_Register_of_Infrastructure.pdf |archive-date=25 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> There are intermediate stations at {{stnlnk|Stratford International}} in London, [[Ebbsfleet International railway station|Ebbsfleet International]] in northern [[Kent]] and [[Ashford International railway station|Ashford International]] in southern Kent.

International passenger services are provided by [[Eurostar International]], with journey times from [[St Pancras railway station|London St Pancras International]] to [[Paris Gare du Nord]] in 2{{nbsp}}hours 15{{nbsp}}minutes, and London St Pancras International to [[Brussels-South railway station|Brussels South/Bruxelles-Midi/Brussel Zuid]] in 1{{nbsp}}hour 51{{nbsp}}minutes.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.eurostar.com/UK/uk/leisure/about_eurostar/press_release/press_archive_2006/14_11_2006_november_14_07.jsp |publisher=Eurostar |date=14 November 2006 |title=Eurostar to launch passenger services at St Pancras International on Wednesday 14 November 2007 |access-date=15 November 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228213525/http://www.eurostar.com/UK/uk/leisure/about_eurostar/press_release/press_archive_2006/14_11_2006_november_14_07.jsp |archive-date=28 February 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> 
{{As of|2015|11}}, Eurostar uses a fleet of 27 [[British Rail Class 373|Class 373/1]] multi-system trains capable of {{convert|300|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=10}} and {{convert|320|km/h|abbr=on|round=10}} [[British Rail Class 374|Class 374]] trains. Domestic high-speed commuter services serving intermediate stations and beyond began on 13 December 2009. The fleet of 29 [[British Rail Class 395|Class 395]] passenger trains reach speeds of {{convert|225|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southeasternrailway.co.uk/highspeed/ |publisher=Southeastern Railway |date=1 December 2009 |title=Southeastern Highspeed |access-date=26 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501110057/http://www.southeasternrailway.co.uk/highspeed/ |archive-date=1 May 2011 }}</ref> [[DB Cargo UK]] run freight services on High Speed 1 using adapted [[British Rail Class 92|Class 92]] locomotives, enabling flat wagons carrying continental-size [[swap body]] containers to reach London for the first time.<ref>{{cite news |title=DB a step closer to European freight into London via HS1 |author=Haigh, Philip |work=Rail |location =Peterborough |page=15 |date=10 August 2011}}</ref>

The CTRL project saw new bridges and tunnels built, with a combined length nearly as long as the Channel Tunnel itself, and significant archaeological research undertaken.<ref>{{cite book| author= Matthews, Roger | publisher = Routledge | location = London | year= 2003 | title= The archaeology of Mesopotamia: theories and approaches | page = 31 |isbn = 978-0-415-25317-8 |quote=The development of this new railway resulted in the largest archaeological project to date in the United Kingdom}}</ref> In 2002, the CTRL project was awarded the Major Project Award at the [[British Construction Industry Awards]].<ref>{{cite magazine | url=http://www.nce.co.uk/ctrl-team-scoops-bci-major-project-award/480980.article | magazine=[[New Civil Engineer]] | location=London | date=2 November 2006 | title=CTRL team scoops BCI Major Project Award | access-date=7 July 2009 | first=Andrew | last=Mylius | archive-date=5 December 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205060302/http://www.nce.co.uk/ctrl-team-scoops-bci-major-project-award/480980.article | url-status=live }}</ref>