Editing Hindi (section)

{{Short description|Standardised variety of Hindustani used in India}}
{{About|Modern Standard Hindi}}
{{Distinguish|Hindus{{!}}Hindu|Sindhi}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Hindi
| altname          = Modern Standard Hindi
| nativename       = {{lang|hi|{{Script|Deva|हिन्दी}}}}, {{translit|hi|Hindī}}
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|hi|ˈɦɪndiː|}}
| states           = [[India]]
| ethnicity        = 
| region           = [[Hindi Belt]] ([[Western Uttar Pradesh]], [[Delhi]])
| speakers_label   = Speakers
| speakers         = [[First language|L1]]: {{sigfig|345.365030|3}} million{{efn|speakers of Hindi and various related languages who reported their language as 'Hindi'}} <!--The figures for Hindi in the Census of India are self-reported, not independently confirmed. Perhaps 100 million speakers of closely related languages like Haryanvi, Rajasthani, Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Braj Bhasha, Chhattisgarhi, Garhwali, which do not have a separate literary tradition, consider their language to be "Hindi", whereas another 200 million report themselves as speaking one of those languages rather than Hindi. Since the census is unable to determine who is who, all of these languages are lumped together as the group "6 HINDI", with 528M speakers in the published census results.-->
| date             = 2011 census
| speakers2        = [[Second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|263.760000|3}} million (2020)<ref>{{e28|hin}}</ref><br/>Total: {{sigfig|609.125030|2}} million (2011–2020)<ref>{{e28|hin}}</ref>
| ref              = <ref>{{cite web |title=Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength - 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |date=29 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{e28|hin}}</ref>
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3             = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4             = [[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central Indo-Aryan]]
| fam5             = [[Western Hindi languages|Western Hindi]]<ref name=ELL2/>
| fam6             = [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]<ref name=ELL2>{{ELL2|Hindustani}}</ref>
| ancestor         = [[Shauraseni Prakrit]]
| ancestor2        = [[Apabhraṃśa]]
| ancestor3        = [[Old Hindi]]
| ancestor4        = [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]
| ancestor5        = [[Rekhta]]
| script           = *[[Devanagari]] (official)
*[[Kaithi]] (historical)
*[[Mahajani]] (historical)
*[[Laṇḍā scripts|Laṇḍā]] (historical)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gangopadhyay|first=Avik|title=Glimpses of Indian Languages|publisher=Evincepub publishing|year=2020|isbn=978-93-90197-82-8|page=43}}</ref>
*[[Devanagari Braille]]
| nation           = *[[India]]
** [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
** [[Bihar]]
** [[Chhattisgarh]]
** [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
** [[Delhi]]
** [[Gujarat]]
** [[Haryana]]
** [[Himachal Pradesh]]
** [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
** [[Jharkhand]] 
** [[Ladakh]]
** [[Madhya Pradesh]]
** [[Maharashtra]] 
** [[Mizoram]]
** [[Rajasthan]]
** [[Uttar Pradesh]]
** [[Uttarakhand]]

** [[West Bengal]] (additional)


*[[Fiji]]
| minority         = {{bulleted list
|[[South Africa]] (protected language)<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title=Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions|url=http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions|website=www.gov.za|access-date=6 December 2014}}</ref>
|[[UAE]] (third official court language)<ref name="thehindu.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/abu-dhabi-includes-hindi-as-third-official-court-language/article26229023.ece|title=Abu Dhabi includes Hindi as third official court language|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 February 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|[[Mauritius]] (as a cultural language)<ref>{{ cite web| title = Hindi Speaking Union Act |url=https://culture.govmu.org/Pages/Legislations/The%20Hindi%20Speaking%20Union%20%20Act%201994.pdf|website=www.culture.govmu.org}}</ref>}}
| agency           = [[Central Hindi Directorate]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hindinideshalaya.nic.in/english/aboutus/aboutus.html |title= About Us |website=Central Hindi Directorate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504043836/http://hindinideshalaya.nic.in/english/aboutus/aboutus.html |archive-date=4 May 2012 |access-date=18 February 2014}}</ref>
| iso1             = hi
| iso2             = hin
| iso3             = hin
| lingua           = 59-AAF-qf
| image            = Hindi.svg
| imagescale       = 1.2
| imagecaption     = The word "Hindi" in [[Devanagari]] script
| map              = Hindi 2011 Indian Census by district.svg
| mapcaption       = Distribution of L1 self-reported speakers of Hindi in India as per the 2011 Census
| notice           = Indic
| sign             = [[Indian Signing System]]
| glotto           = hind1269
| glottorefname    = Hindi
}}
{{Hindustani_language}}

'''Modern Standard Hindi''' ({{lang|hi|{{Script|Deva|आधुनिक मानक हिन्दी}}}}, {{translit|hi|Ādhunik Mānak Hindī}}),<ref>Singh, Rajendra, and Rama Kant Agnihotri. Hindi morphology: A word-based description. Vol. 9. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1997.</ref> commonly referred to as '''Hindi''', is the [[Standard language|standardised variety]] of the [[Hindustani language]] written in the [[Devanagari script]]. It is an [[official language of India|official language]] of the [[Government of India]], alongside [[English language|English]], and is the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of [[North India]].  Hindi is considered a [[Sanskritisation (linguistics)|Sanskritised]] [[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]]<ref name="Constitution of India">{{cite web |title=The Constitution of India |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402064301/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm |archive-date=2 April 2012 |access-date=21 March 2012 |website=lawmin.nic.in}}</ref> of Hindustani. Hindustani itself developed from [[Old Hindi]] and was spoken in [[Delhi]] and neighbouring areas. It incorporated a significant number of [[Persian language|Persian]] loanwords.<ref name="NCSU-Hindustani">{{Cite web |url=http://sasw.chass.ncsu.edu/fl/faculty/taj/hindi/abturdu.htm |title=About Hindi-Urdu |publisher=[[North Carolina State University]] |access-date=9 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815023328/http://sasw.chass.ncsu.edu/fl/faculty/taj/hindi/abturdu.htm |archive-date=15 August 2009 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Hindi is an [[Languages with official status in India|official language]] in twelve states ([[Bihar]], [[Gujarat]] , [[Mizoram]] , [[Maharashtra]] ,[[Chhattisgarh]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]]),  and six [[Union territory|union territories]] ([[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Delhi]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] , [[Ladakh]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]) and an additional official language in the state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Saravanan |first=Depak |date=9 October 2018 |title=Hindi and the North-South divide |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/perspective/hindi-and-north-south-divide-696931.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123052133/https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/perspective/hindi-and-north-south-divide-696931.html |archive-date=23 November 2022 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Pillalamarri |first=Akhilesh |title=India's Evolving Linguistic Landscape |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/07/indias-evolving-linguistic-landscape/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601181209/https://thediplomat.com/2018/07/indias-evolving-linguistic-landscape/ |archive-date=1 June 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |website=The Diplomat}}</ref> Hindi is also one of the 22 [[Languages with official status in India|scheduled languages of the Republic of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PART A Languages specified in the Eighth Schedule (Scheduled Languages) |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190612/http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013 |website=Census of India}}</ref> Hindi is also one of Fiji's three official languages. <ref> {{cite web|url = https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/1997_constitution.pdf |title = 1997 Constitution of Fiji }} Chapter 1, Section 4 - (1) The English, Fijian and Hindustani languages have equal status in the State </ref>

Apart from the script and formal vocabulary, Modern Standard Hindi is [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]] with standard [[Urdu]], which is another recognised register of Hindustani, as both Hindi and Urdu share a core vocabulary base derived from [[Shauraseni Prakrit]].<ref name="GubeGao2019">{{cite book |last1=Gube |first1=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkWHDwAAQBAJ |title=Education, Ethnicity and Equity in the Multilingual Asian Context |last2=Gao |first2=Fang |date=2019 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |isbn=978-981-13-3125-1 |language=en |quote=The national language of India and Pakistan 'Standard Urdu' is mutually intelligible with 'Standard Hindi' because both languages share the same Indic base and are all but indistinguishable in phonology and grammar (Lust et al. 2000).}}</ref><ref name="ChatterjiSiṃhaPadikkal1997">{{cite book |last1=Chatterji |first1=Suniti Kumar |title=Suniti Kumar Chatterji: a centenary tribute |last2=Siṃha |first2=Udaẏa Nārāẏana |last3=Padikkal |first3=Shivarama |date=1997 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0353-2 |language=en |quote=High Hindi written in Devanagari, having identical grammar with Urdu, employing the native Hindi or Hindustani (Prakrit) elements to the fullest, but for words of high culture, going to Sanskrit. Hindustani proper that represents the basic Khari Boli with vocabulary holding a balance between Urdu and High Hindi.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Primary Language Impact on Second Language and Literacy Learning |date=15 January 2023 |publisher=Lexington Books |editor1-last=Yoon |editor1-first=Bogum |page=198 |language=English |quote=In terms of cross-linguistic relations, Urdu's combinations of Arabic-Persian orthography and Sanskrit linguistic roots provides interesting theoretical as well as practical comparisons demonstrated in table 12.1. |editor2-last=Pratt |editor2-first=Kristen L.}}</ref><ref name="Ahmed2024">{{cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=Ties between Urdu & Sanskrit deeply rooted: Scholar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ties-between-urdu-sanskrit-deeply-rooted-scholar/articleshow/108415962.cms |access-date=8 May 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |quote=The linguistic and cultural ties between Sanskrit and Urdu are deeply rooted and significant, said Ishtiaque Ahmed, registrar, Maula Azad National Urdu University during a two-day workshop titled "Introduction to Sanskrit for Urdu medium students". Ahmed said a substantial portion of Urdu's vocabulary and cultural capital, as well as its syntactic structure, is derived from Sanskrit.}}</ref> Hindi is also spoken, to a lesser extent, in other parts of India (usually in a simplified or pidginised variety such as Bazaar [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] or [[Haflong Hindi]]).<ref name="fulllangdatacensus 2011">{{cite news |last=Kawoosa |first=Vijdan Mohammad |date=22 November 2018 |title=How languages intersect in India |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-languagesintersect-in-india/story-g3nzNwFppYV7XvCumRzlYL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015014438/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/how-languagesintersect-in-india/story-g3nzNwFppYV7XvCumRzlYL.html |archive-date=15 October 2022 |work= Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=How many Indians can you talk to? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/static/iframes/language_probability_interactive/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216113014/https://www.hindustantimes.com/static/iframes/language_probability_interactive/index.html |archive-date=16 December 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Outside India, several other languages are recognised officially as "Hindi" but do not refer to the Standard Hindi language described here and instead descend from other nearby languages, such as [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]].<ref>{{cite web |date=14 September 2018 |title=How Hindi travelled to these five countries from India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/hindi-diwas-2018-hindi-travelled-to-these-five-countries-from-india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229020952/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/hindi-diwas-2018-hindi-travelled-to-these-five-countries-from-india/ |archive-date=29 December 2022 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Examples of this are the Bhojpuri-Hindustani spoken in [[South Africa]], [[Mauritius]], [[Fiji Hindi]], spoken in Fiji, and [[Caribbean Hindustani]], which is spoken in [[Suriname]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], and [[Guyana]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Sequence of events with reference to official language of the Union |url=http://rajbhasha.nic.in/IIContent.aspx?t=enevents8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110802071514/http://rajbhasha.nic.in/IIContent.aspx?t=enevents |archive-date=2 August 2011 |website=Department of Official Language}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=रिपब्लिक ऑफ फीजी का संविधान (Constitution of the Republic of Fiji, the Hindi version) |url=http://www.fiji.gov.fj/getattachment/5912a2ce-0260-4df5-98b9-955360cd3aad/Click-here-to-download-the-Fiji-Constitution-(Hind.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101180254/http://www.fiji.gov.fj/getattachment/5912a2ce-0260-4df5-98b9-955360cd3aad/Click-here-to-download-the-Fiji-Constitution-(Hind.aspx |archive-date=1 November 2013 |website=Fiji Government}}</ref><ref name="uniw">{{cite web|url=http://uwispace.sta.uwi.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2139/41235/Caribbean%20Heritage%20Ferreira%202012.pdf?sequence=1|title=Caribbean Languages and Caribbean Linguistics|format=PDF|access-date=16 July 2016|publisher=[[University of the West Indies Press]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220080555/http://uwispace.sta.uwi.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2139/41235/Caribbean%20Heritage%20Ferreira%202012.pdf?sequence=1|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Mau">{{cite journal|title=The cultural significance of Hindi in Mauritius|date=8 May 2007|author=Richard K. Barz|journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|doi=10.1080/00856408008722995|volume=3|pages=1–13}}</ref>

Hindi is the [[List of languages by number of native speakers|fourth most-spoken first language]] in the world, after [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and [[English language|English]].<ref name="Nationalencyklopedin">Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in ''[[Nationalencyklopedin]]''. Asterisks mark the [http://www.ne.se/spr%C3%A5k/v%C3%A4rldens-100-st%C3%B6rsta-spr%C3%A5k-2010 2010 estimates] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111051518/http://www.ne.se/spr%C3%A5k/v%C3%A4rldens-100-st%C3%B6rsta-spr%C3%A5k-2010 |date=11 November 2012 }} for the top dozen languages.</ref> When counted together with the mutually intelligible Urdu, it is the third most-spoken language in the world, after Mandarin and English.<ref name="Gambhir1995">{{cite book |last1=Gambhir |first1=Vijay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mB7TQc_OpdcC |title=The Teaching and Acquisition of South Asian Languages |date=1995 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |isbn=978-0-8122-3328-5 |language=en |quote=The position of Hindi-Urdu among the languages of the world is anomalous. The number of its proficient speakers, over three hundred million, places it in third of fourth place after Mandarin, English, and perhaps Spanish.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/literature-and-arts/language-linguistics-and-literary-terms/language-and-linguistics/hindustani|title=Hindustani|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|via=encyclopedia.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729004822/http://www.encyclopedia.com/literature-and-arts/language-linguistics-and-literary-terms/language-and-linguistics/hindustani|archive-date=29 July 2017}}</ref> According to reports of ''Ethnologue'' (2022, 25th edition), Hindi is the [[List of languages by total number of speakers#Ethnologue (2022, 25th edition)|third most-spoken language]] in the world when including [[first language|first]] and [[second language]] speakers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are the top 200 most spoken languages? |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/insights/ethnologue200/ |access-date=31 March 2023 |website=Ethnologue (Free All)}}</ref>

Hindi is the fastest-growing [[Languages of India|language of India]], followed by [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]], according to the [[2011 census of India]].<ref>—{{Cite news |last=R |first=Aishwaryaa |date=6 June 2019 |title=What census data reveals about use of Indian languages |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/what-census-data-reveals-about-use-of-indian-languages-738340.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=16 November 2023}}<br />—{{Cite news |last=Pallapothu |first=Sravan |date=28 June 2018 |title=Hindi Added 100Mn Speakers In A Decade; Kashmiri 2nd Fast Growing Language |url=https://www.indiaspend.com/hindi-added-100mn-speakers-in-a-decade-kashmiri-2nd-fast-growing-language-93096/ |website=Indiaspend.com |access-date=16 November 2023}}<br />—{{Cite news |last=IndiaSpend |date=2 July 2018 |title=Hindi fastest growing language in India, finds 100 million new speakers |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/hindi-fastest-growing-language-in-india-finds-100-million-new-speakers-118070200029_1.html |work=Business Standard |access-date=16 November 2023}}<br />—{{cite magazine |last1=Mishra |first1=Mayank |last2=Aggarwal |first2=Piyush |date=11 April 2022 |title=Hindi grew rapidly in non-Hindi states even without official mandate |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/hindi-grows-in-non-hindi-states-without-official-mandate-1936196-2022-04-11 |magazine=India Today |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref>