Editing History of Paris (section)

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{{For timeline|Timeline of Paris}}

[[File:Palais de la Cite.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[Palais de la Cité]] and [[Sainte-Chapelle]] as viewed from the [[Rive Gauche|Left Bank]], from the ''[[Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry]]'' (1410), month of June]]
[[File:Nicolas-Jean-Baptiste Raguenet, A View of Paris from the Pont Neuf - Getty Museum.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Paris in 1763, by [[Nicolas-Jean-Baptiste Raguenet]], ''A View of Paris from the Pont Neuf'', [[Getty Museum]]]]
[[File:Camille Pissarro - Boulevard Montmartre - Eremitage.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Paris in 1897 - ''Boulevard Montmartre'', by [[Camille Pissarro]], [[Hermitage Museum]], Saint Petersburg, Russia]]
{{History of Paris}}
{{Quote box
| width = 30em
| bgcolor = #B0C4DE
| title = Historical affiliations
| fontsize = 80%
| quote = [[Roman Republic]] 52–27&nbsp;BC<br>
[[Roman Empire]] 27&nbsp;BC–AD&nbsp;395<br>
[[Western Roman Empire]] 395–476<br>
[[Kingdom of Soissons]] 476–486<br>
[[Francia]] 486–843<br>
[[West Francia]] 843–987<br>
{{Flag|Kingdom of France}} 987–1792<br>
{{Flag|French First Republic}} 1792–1804<br>
{{Flag|First French Empire}} 1804–1814<br>
{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of France (1814-1830).svg}} [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Kingdom of France]] 1814–1815<br>
{{Flag|First French Empire}} 1815<br>
{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of France (1814-1830).svg}} [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Kingdom of France]] 1815–1830<br>
{{Flag|July Monarchy}} 1830–1848<br>
{{Flag|French Second Republic}} 1848–1852<br>
{{Flag|Second French Empire}} 1852–1870<br>
{{Flag|French Third Republic}} 1870–1871<br>
{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg|Paris Commune}} [[Paris Commune]] 1871<br>
{{Flag|French Third Republic}} 1871-1940<br>
{{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|Military Administration in France]] 1940–1944<br>
∟ ''part of [[German-occupied Europe]] from 1940 to 1944'' <br>
{{Flag|Provisional Government of the French Republic}} 1944–1946<br>
{{Flag|French Fourth Republic}} 1946–1958<br>
{{Flagicon|France}} [[French Fifth Republic]] 1958–present
}}

The oldest traces of human occupation in [[Paris]] date from about 8000&nbsp;BC, during the [[Mesolithic]] period.<ref name="lemonde1">{{cite web| url=http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/video/2010/07/02/sur-la-trace-des-premiers-parisiens_1382407_3244.html|title=''Le Monde Planete'', sur les traces des premiers Parisiens|website=[[Le Monde]] |access-date=March 3, 2017}}</ref> Between 250 and 225&nbsp;BC, the [[Parisii (Gaul)|Parisii]] settled on the banks of the [[Seine]], built bridges and a fort, minted coins, and began to trade with other river settlements in Europe.<ref name="Combeau, Yvan, 1999, p.6">Combeau, Yvan, ''Histoire de Paris'', Presses Universitaires de France, 1999, p. 6.</ref> In 52&nbsp;BC, a Roman army led by [[Titus Labienus]] defeated the Parisii and established a [[Gallo-Roman]] garrison town called [[Lutetia]].<ref name="Schmidt, 2009 pp. 88-104">Schmidt, ''Lutèce, Paris des origines à Clovis'' (2009), pp. 88–104.</ref> The town was Christianised in the 3rd century AD, and after the collapse of the Roman Empire, it was occupied by [[Clovis I]], the King of the [[Franks]], who made it his capital in 508.

During the Middle Ages, Paris was the largest city in Europe, an important religious and commercial centre, and the birthplace of the Gothic style of architecture. The [[University of Paris]] on the [[Rive Gauche|Left Bank]], organised in the mid-13th century, was one of the first in Europe. It suffered from the [[Bubonic Plague]] in the 14th century and the [[Hundred Years' War]] in the 15th century, with recurrence of the plague. Between 1418 and 1436, the city was occupied by the [[Burgundian (party)|Burgundians]] and English soldiers. In the 16th century, Paris became the book-publishing capital of Europe, though it was shaken by the [[French Wars of Religion]] between Catholics and Protestants. In the 18th century, Paris was the centre of the intellectual ferment known as the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], and the main stage of the [[French Revolution]] from 1789. In the 19th century, [[Napoleon]] embellished the city with monuments to military glory. It became the European capital of fashion and the scene of two more revolutions (in 1830 and 1848). The centre of Paris was rebuilt between 1852 and 1870 with wide new avenues, squares and new parks, and the city was expanded to its present limits in 1860. In the latter part of the century, millions of tourists came to see the Paris International Expositions and the new [[Eiffel Tower]].

In the 20th century, Paris suffered bombardment in World War I and German occupation from 1940 until 1944 in World War II. Between the two wars, Paris was the capital of modern art and a magnet for intellectuals, writers and artists from around the world. The population reached its historic high of 2.1 million in 1921, but declined for the rest of the century. New museums (The [[Centre Pompidou]], [[Musée Marmottan Monet]] and [[Musée d'Orsay]]) were opened, and the [[Louvre]] given its glass pyramid. In the 21st century, Paris added new museums and a new concert hall, but in 2005 it also experienced violent unrest in the housing projects in the surrounding ''banlieues'' (suburbs), inhabited largely by immigrants from France's former colonies in the [[Maghreb]] and Sub-Saharan Africa. In 2015, two deadly terrorist attacks were carried out by Islamic extremists. The population of the city declined steadily from 1921 until 2004, due to a decrease in family size and an exodus of the middle class to the suburbs; but it is increasing slowly once again, as young people and immigrants move into the city.