Editing History of logic (section)

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023|cs1-dates=y}}
{{Philosophy sidebar}}
The '''history of logic''' deals with the study of the development of the science of valid [[inference]] ([[logic]]). Formal logics developed in ancient times in [[Indian logic|India]], [[Logic in China|China]], and [[Greek philosophy|Greece]]. Greek methods, particularly [[Aristotelian logic]] (or term logic) as found in the ''[[Organon]]'', found wide application and acceptance in Western science and mathematics for millennia.<ref name="Boehner p. xiv">Boehner p. xiv</ref> The [[Stoicism|Stoics]], especially [[Chrysippus]], began the development of [[predicate logic]].

[[Christian philosophy|Christian]] and [[Logic in Islamic philosophy|Islamic]] philosophers such as [[Boethius]] (died 524), [[Avicenna]] (died 1037), [[Thomas Aquinas]] (died 1274) and [[William of Ockham]] (died 1347) further developed Aristotle's logic in the [[Medieval philosophy#High Middle Ages|Middle Ages]], reaching a high point in the mid-fourteenth century, with [[Jean Buridan]]. The period between the fourteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century saw largely decline and neglect, and at least one historian of logic regards this time as barren.<ref name="ReferenceA">Oxford Companion p. 498; Bochenski, Part I Introduction, ''passim''</ref> [[Empirical methods]] ruled the day, as evidenced by Sir [[Francis Bacon]]'s ''[[Novum Organon]]'' of 1620.

Logic revived in the mid-nineteenth century, at the beginning of a revolutionary period when the subject developed into a rigorous and formal discipline which took as its exemplar the exact method of [[mathematical proof|proof]] used in [[mathematics]], a hearkening back to the Greek tradition.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.naturalthinker.net/trl/texts/Frege,Gottlob/Frege,%20Gottlob%20-%20The%20Foundations%20of%20Arithmetic%20%281953%29%202Ed_%207.0-2.5%20LotB.pdf |title=The Foundations of Arithmetic |author-first=Gottlob |author-last=Frege |page=1 |access-date=2016-02-03  |archive-date=2018-09-20  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920172024/http://www.naturalthinker.net/trl/texts/Frege,Gottlob/Frege,%20Gottlob%20-%20The%20Foundations%20of%20Arithmetic%20(1953)%202Ed_%207.0-2.5%20LotB.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The development of the modern "symbolic" or "mathematical" logic during this period by the likes of [[George Boole|Boole]], [[Gottlob Frege|Frege]], [[Bertrand Russell|Russell]], and [[Giuseppe Peano|Peano]] is the most significant in the two-thousand-year history of logic, and is arguably one of the most important and remarkable events in human [[intellectual history]].<ref name="Oxford Companion p. 500">Oxford Companion p. 500</ref>

Progress in [[mathematical logic]] in the first few decades of the twentieth century, particularly arising from the work of [[Kurt Gödel|Gödel]] and [[Alfred Tarski|Tarski]], had a significant impact on [[analytic philosophy]] and [[philosophical logic]], particularly from the 1950s onwards, in subjects such as [[modal logic]], [[temporal logic]], [[deontic logic]], and [[relevance logic]].