Editing Holodomor (section)

{{Short description|1932–1933 human-made famine in Soviet Ukraine}}
{{Redirect|Famine in Ukraine||Famine in Ukraine (disambiguation)}}
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{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox famine
| famine_name     = <!-----Overrides {{PAGENAME}}, do not use without careful consideration)----->
| image           = GolodomorKharkiv.jpg
| caption         = Starved peasants on a street in [[Kharkiv]], 1933, Ukraine's capital at the time
| country         = [[Soviet Union]]
| location        = [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukraine SSR]], northern [[Kuban]],{{sfn|Naimark|2010|p=70}} [[Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic|Kazakh ASSR]]
| coordinates     = <!-----(use {{coord}})----->
| period          = 1932–1933
| excess_mortality= <!-----Deaths directly due to famine starvation----->
| from_disease    = <!-----Indirect famine deaths from subsequent diseases----->
| total_deaths    = 
* Around 3.5 to 5 million in Ukraine; see [[#Death toll|death toll]]
* 62,000 to "hundreds of thousands" in the Kuban{{sfn|Osadchenko|Rudneva|2012}}<ref name="boeckbrian">{{cite journal |last1=Boeck |first1=Brian J. |title=Complicating the National Interpretation of the Famine: Reexamining the Case of Kuban |journal=Harvard Ukraine Studies |date=30 October 2023 |volume=30 |issue=1/4 |page=48 |jstor=23611465}}</ref>
* Over 300,000 [[Ukrainians in Kazakhstan]] dead or migrated{{sfn|Ohayon|2016}}
| death_rate      = <!-----Death rate---->
| theory          =
| relief          = Foreign relief rejected by the state. 176,200 and 325,000 tons of grains provided by the state as food and seed aids between February and July 1933.{{sfn|Davies|Wheatcroft|2004|pp=479–484}}
| food_situation  = Deliberate macro-economic food extraction from affected region
| demographics    = 
| causes          = * Industrialization policy during the [[First five-year plan (Soviet Union)|First Five Year Plan]] 
*Whether it was intentional is debated by scholars 
| memorial        = <!-- links to website? -->
| preceded        =
| succeeded       =
| footnotes       = <!-----Test footnote----->
|native_name      = {{nobold|Голодомор}}
| consequences    = 
* Heavy population loss in Ukraine
* Kuban Ukrainian population declined from 915,000 to 150,000 between 1926 and 1939 from various causes{{sfn|Ellman|2007}}
* Over 35% of [[Ukrainians in Kazakhstan]] lost in the famine{{sfn|Ohayon|2016}}
}}
{{Communism|sidebar}}

The '''Holodomor''',{{Efn|{{langx|uk|Голодомо́р|Holodomor}}, {{IPA|uk|ɦolodoˈmɔr|IPA}};{{sfn|Jones|2017|page=90}} derived from {{langx|uk|морити голодом|lit=to kill by starvation|translit=moryty holodom|label=none}}); Also literally known as "Extermination by Hunger" or "Hunger-extermination"}} also known as the '''Ukrainian Famine''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2019 |title=How Joseph Stalin Starved Millions in the Ukrainian Famine |url=https://www.history.com/news/ukrainian-famine-stalin |access-date=13 February 2024 |website=HISTORY |language=en |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416165351/https://www.history.com/news/ukrainian-famine-stalin |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Renate |first1=Stark |title=Holodomor, Famine in Ukraine 1932-1933: A Crime against Humanity or Genocide? |journal=Irish Journal of Applied Social Studies |date=2010 |volume=10 |issue=1 |url=https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijass/vol10/iss1/2/ |publisher=Irish Journal of Applied Social Studies: Vol. 10: Iss. 1, Article 2 |access-date=September 14, 2024 |doi=10.21427/D7PQ8P}}</ref>{{Efn|{{langx|uk|великий український голод|translit=velykyi ukrainskyi holod}}}} was a mass [[famine]] in [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Ukraine]] from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of [[Ukrainians]]. The Holodomor was part of the wider [[Soviet famine of 1930–1933]] which affected the major [[Agriculture|grain-producing]] areas of the [[Soviet Union]].

While most scholars are in consensus that the main [[Causes of the Holodomor|cause of the famine]] was largely man-made, [[Holodomor genocide question|it remains in dispute whether the Holodomor was intentional]], whether it was directed at Ukrainians, and whether it constitutes a [[genocide]], the point of contention being the absence of attested documents explicitly ordering the starvation of any area in the Soviet Union. Some historians conclude that the famine was deliberately engineered by [[Joseph Stalin]] to eliminate a [[Ukrainian independence]] movement. Others suggest that the famine was primarily the consequence of rapid [[History of the Soviet Union (1927–53)#Industrialization in practice|Soviet industrialisation]] and [[Collectivization in the Soviet Union|collectivization]] of agriculture. A middle position is that the initial causes of the famine were an unintentional byproduct of the process of collectivization but once it set in, starvation was selectively weaponized and the famine was "instrumentalized" and amplified against Ukrainians as a means to punish Ukrainians for resisting Soviet policies and to suppress their [[Ukrainian nationalism|nationalist sentiments]].

Ukraine was one of the largest grain-producing states in the USSR and was subject to unreasonably high grain quotas compared to the rest of the USSR in 1930.<ref name="Kulchytskystalinslave" />{{efn|name=Marples 2009.}} This caused Ukraine to be hit particularly hard by the famine. Early estimates of the death toll by scholars and government officials vary greatly. A joint statement to the [[United Nations]] signed by 25 countries in 2003 declared that 7 to 10 million people died.{{efn|name= UN signatory nations, 2003}} More recent scholarship has estimated a lower range of between 3.5 to 5 million victims.<ref>{{harvnb|Gorbunova|Klymchuk|2020}}; {{harvnb|Kravchenko|2020}}; {{harvnb|Marples|2007|p=1}}; {{harvnb|Mendel|2018}}; {{harvnb|Yefimenko|2021}}</ref>

Public discussion of the famine was banned in the Soviet Union until the ''[[glasnost]]'' period initiated by [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] in the 1980s.{{sfn|Serbyn|2005|pp=1055-1061}} Since 2006, the Holodomor has [[Holodomor genocide question|been recognized as a genocide]] by [[Ukraine]] and 33 other UN member states, the [[European Parliament]], and 35 of the 50 [[U.S. state|states]] of the [[United States]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.nv.ua/nation/wyoming-s-historic-acknowledgment-holodomor-recognized-as-genocide-50367847.html | title=Wyoming becomes 32nd US state to recognize the Holodomor as genocide | publisher=The New Voice of Ukraine | access-date=November 13, 2023}}</ref> as a genocide against the Ukrainian people carried out by the Soviet government. In 2008, the Russian [[State Duma]] condemned the Soviet regime "that has neglected the lives of people for the achievement of economic and political goals".{{sfn|National Museum of the Holodomor|2019}}
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