Editing Hunan (section)

{{Short description|Province in Central China}}
{{Other places}}
{{Distinguish|Henan}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Hunan
| native_name        = {{lang|zh|湖南}}
| settlement_type    = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
| translit_lang1     = Name
| translit_lang1_type = {{nobold|Chinese}}
| translit_lang1_info = {{lang|zh|湖南省}} ({{tlit|zh|Húnán shěng}})
| translit_lang1_type1 = {{nobold|Abbreviation}}
| translit_lang1_info1 = HN{{\}}{{linktext|lang=zh|湘}} ({{tlit|zh|Xiāng}})
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| total_width                    = 300
| border                         = infobox
| perrow                         = 1/3/2/2
| caption_align                  = center
| image1                         = 1 tianzishan wulingyuan zhangjiajie 2012.jpg
| caption1                       = [[Wulingyuan]]
| image2                         = Changsha Yuelu Shuyuan 2014.03.04 08-09-37 (adjusted).jpg
| caption2                       = [[Yuelu Academy]]
| image3                         = China IMG 3114 (29445191670) (cropped).jpg
| caption3                       = [[Tianmen Mountain]]
| image4                         = Changsha IFS 2021.jpg
| caption4                       = [[Changsha IFS Tower|IFS Tower]]
| image6                         = Mount Langshan in Hunan, Picture49.jpg
| caption6                       = [[Mount Langshan]]
| image7                         = 南岳衡山.jpg
| caption7                       = [[Mount Heng (Hunan)|Mount Heng]]
| image8                         = Frontal view of Yueyang Tower, Hunan, China1.jpg
| caption8                       = [[Yueyang Tower]]
| image9                         = Fenghuang IX (30262447406).jpg
| caption9                       = [[Fenghuang County|Fenghuang Town]]
}}
| image_map          = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=265|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=5}}
| image_map1         = Hunan in China (+all claims hatched).svg
| mapsize            = 275px
| map_caption1       = Location of Hunan in China
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = China
| named_for          = {{ubl|{{linktext|lang=zh|湖}} {{tlit|zh|hú}}{{snd}}lake|{{linktext|lang=zh|南}} {{tlit|zh|nán}}{{snd}}south}}"South of the [[Dongting Lake|lake]]"
| seat_type          = Capital<br />{{nobold|(and largest city)}}
| seat               = [[Changsha]]
| parts_type         = Divisions
| parts_style        = para
| p1                 = 14 [[Prefectures of China|prefectures]]
| p2                 = 122 [[Counties of China|counties]]
| p3                 = 1,933 [[Townships of China|townships]] (2018)
| p4                 = 29,224 [[Villages of China|villages]] (2018)
| government_type    = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
| governing_body     = [[Hunan Provincial People's Congress]]
| leader_title       = [[Party Secretary of Hunan|Party Secretary]]
| leader_name        = [[Shen Xiaoming]]
| leader_title1      = [[Hunan Provincial People's Congress|Congress]] chairman
| leader_name1       = Shen Xiaoming
| leader_title2      = [[Governor of Hunan|Governor]]
| leader_name2       = [[Mao Weiming]]
| leader_title3      = [[Hunan Provincial Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|Provincial CPPCC]] Chairman
| leader_name3       = [[Mao Wanchun]]
| leader_title4      = [[National People's Congress]] Representation
| leader_name4       = 116 deputies
| area_footnotes     = <ref name=mofcom>{{cite web|title=Doing Business in China&nbsp;– Survey |url=http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/ |publisher=Ministry Of Commerce&nbsp;– People's Republic Of China |access-date=5 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130805091244/http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/ |archive-date=5 August 2013 }}</ref>
| area_total_km2     = 210000
| area_rank          = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by area|10th]]
| elevation_max_m    = 2115.2
| elevation_max_point = [[Mount Lingfeng]]
| population_footnotes = <ref name=cens>{{Cite web|date=11 May 2021|title=Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817188.html|access-date=11 May 2021|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511104847/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817188.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_total   = 66,444,864
| population_as_of   = 2020
| population_rank    = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by population|7th]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_rank = [[Provinces of China#List of provincial level divisions|13th]]
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = Ethnic composition
| demographics1_info1 = {{ubl|[[Han Chinese|Han]]&nbsp;– 90%|[[Tujia people|Tujia]]&nbsp;– 4%|[[Hmong people|Miao]]&nbsp;– 3%|[[Kam people|Dong]]&nbsp;– 1%|[[Yao people|Yao]]&nbsp;– 1%|Other peoples&nbsp;– 1%}}
| demographics1_title2 = Languages and dialects
| demographics1_info2 = {{hlist|[[Xiang Chinese|Xiang]]|[[Gan Chinese|Gan]]|[[Southwestern Mandarin]]|[[Xiangnan Tuhua]]| [[Waxiang Chinese|Waxiang]]|[[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]]|[[Yue Chinese|Yue]]|[[Xong language|Xong]]|[[Tujia language|Tujia]]|[[Iu Mien language|Mien]]|[[Kam language|Gam]]}}
| demographics_type2   = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] {{normal|(2023)}}<ref name="GDPdata">{{cite web|url=http://www.hunan.gov.cn/hnszf/zfsj/tjgb/202403/t20240322_33262931.html|title=zh: 2023年湖南省国民经济和社会发展统计公报|publisher=hunan.gov.cn|date=March 22, 2024|access-date=June 19, 2024|archive-date=April 25, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425002519/https://hunan.gov.cn/hnszf/zfsj/tjgb/202403/t20240322_33262931.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Total
| demographics2_info1 = {{CNY|5,001 billion}} ([[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP|9th]]; US$710 billion)
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = {{CNY|75,938}} ([[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP per capita|14th]]; US$10,776)
| iso_code           = CN-HN
| blank4_name_sec2   = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{normal|(2022)}}
| blank4_info_sec2   = 0.781<ref name="SHDI">{{cite web |title=Human Development Indices (8.0)- China |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/CHN/?levels=1+4&years=2022&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0 |access-date=23 September 2024 |website=Global Data Lab}}</ref> ([[List of Chinese administrative divisions by HDI|15th]]){{snd}}{{color|#090|high}}
| website            = {{ubl| {{URL|hunan.gov.cn}} | {{URL|enghunan.gov.cn}} }}
| population_demonym = [[Hunanese people|Hunanese]]
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Hunan (Chinese characters).svg
| piccap = "Hunan" in Chinese characters
| picupright = 0.3
| c = 湖南
| l = "South of the [[Dongting Lake|(Dongting) Lake]]"
| p = Húnán
| bpmf = {{bpmfsp|ㄏㄨˊ|ㄋㄢˊ}}
| w = {{tonesup|Hu2-nan2}}
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|AUD|zh-Hunan.ogg|h|u|2|.|n|an|2}}
| wuu = Wu<sup>去</sup> noe<sup>平</sup>
| j = Wu4-naam4
| y = Wùh-nàahm
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|w|u|4|n|aam|4}}
| tl = Ôo-lâm
| hsn = {{IPA|hsn|fu˩˧ lan˩˧|}}<ref name="Xiang dictionary">{{cite book|script-title=zh:长沙方言研究|last1=鲍厚星|last2=崔振华|last3=沈若云|last4=伍云姬|year=1999|publisher=江苏教育出版社|pages=66, 83}}</ref>
| showflag = hsn
| order = st
}}

'''Hunan'''{{efn|湖南, {{tlit|zh|Húnán shěng}}, [[Xiang Chinese]]: {{IPA|hsn|fu˩˧ lan˩˧|}},<ref name="Xiang dictionary"/> Mandarin: {{IPA|cmn|xu˧˥ nan˧˥|}}}} is an inland [[Provinces of China|province]] in [[Central China]]. Located in the middle reaches of the [[Yangtze]] watershed, it borders the [[Administrative divisions of China|province-level divisions]] of [[Hubei]] to the north, [[Jiangxi]] to the east, [[Guangdong]] and [[Guangxi]] to the south, and [[Guizhou]] and [[Chongqing]] to the northwest. Its capital and largest city is [[Changsha]], which abuts the Xiang River. [[Hengyang]], [[Zhuzhou]], and [[Yueyang]] are among its most populous urban cities.

With a population of just over 66 million {{As of|lc=y|2020}} residing in an area of approximately {{cvt|210000|km2}}, it is China's [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by population|7th-most populous]] province, the third-most populous among landlocked provinces (after [[Henan]] and [[Sichuan]]), the third-most populous in [[South Central China]] (after Guangdong and Henan), and the second-most populous province in [[Central China]]. It is the largest province in South Central China and the fourth-largest landlocked province.

Hunan's [[Gross domestic product#Nominal GDP and adjustments to GDP|nominal GDP]] was US$747 billion (CN¥5.32 trillion) as of 2024, appearing in the world's top 20 [[List of country subdivisions by GDP over 200 billion USD|largest sub-national economies]], with its [[Purchasing power parity|GDP (PPP)]] being over US$1.55 trillion.<ref name="hunan">{{cite press release |title=Statistical communiqué of Hunan on the 2024 national economic and social development / zh: 2024年湖南省国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |date=March 24, 2025 |publisher=hunan.gov.cn |url=http://hunan.gov.cn/hnszf/zfsj/tjgb/202503/t20250321_33620617.html |access-date=April 7, 2025}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Implied PPP conversion rate 2024 |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPEX@WEO//CHN |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=World Economic Outlook (IMF)}}</ref> Hunan is the [[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP|9th-largest provincial economy]] in China, the fourth-largest in South Central China, the third-largest in Central China, and the fourth-largest among landlocked provinces. Its nominal GDP per capita exceeded US$11,405 (CN¥81,225), making it the [[List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP per capita|third-richest province]] in South Central China, after Guangdong and Hubei.<ref name="hunan" /> As of 2020, Hunan's nominal GDP reached $605 billion (CN¥4.18 trillion),<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Top 10 provincial regions in China by GDP 2020 |url=http://ex.chinadaily.com.cn/exchange/partners/45/rss/channel/www/columns/852i2s/stories/WS605133c0a31024ad0baaf938.html |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=ex.chinadaily.com.cn |archive-date=2022-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930134345/http://ex.chinadaily.com.cn/exchange/partners/45/rss/channel/www/columns/852i2s/stories/WS605133c0a31024ad0baaf938.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=rsatax |date=2021-06-11 |title=Investing in Hunan |url=https://www.rsa-tax.com/single-post/investing-in-hunan |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=rsa-tax |language=en}}</ref> exceeding that of Poland, with a GDP of US$596 billion, and Thailand, with a GDP of US$501 billion, the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|22nd- and 25th-largest]] in the world, respectively.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=2020 GDP Poland, Thailand, Nigeria |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2020&locations=PL-TH-NG&start=1960&year_high_desc=true |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=data.worldbank.org |archive-date=2022-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171238/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2020&locations=PL-TH-NG&start=1960&year_high_desc=true |url-status=live }}</ref>

The name ''Hunan'' literally means "south of the lake".<ref>{{in lang|zh}} [http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shenghuo/1090/2435218.html Origin of the Names of China's Provinces] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427100058/http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shenghuo/1090/2435218.html |date=2016-04-27 }}, ''[[People's Daily]] Online''.</ref> The lake in question is [[Dongting Lake]], in the northeast of the province. [[Vehicle registration plates of China|Vehicle license plates from Hunan]] are marked {{tlit|zh|Xiāng}} ({{zh|c=湘}}), after the [[Xiang River]], which runs from south to north through Hunan and forms part of the province's largest drainage system. The area of Hunan was under Chinese rule as far back as 350 BC. Hunan was the birthplace of communist revolutionary [[Mao Zedong]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schram, Stuart R. (Stuart Reynolds), 1924–2012. |url=https://archive.org/details/maotsetung0000schr |title=Mao Tse-tung |date=1967 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=0140208402 |location=Harmondsworth  |url-access=registration}}</ref> who became the [[Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party]] and the [[Father of the Nation|founding father]] of the [[People's Republic of China]]. Hunan today is home to some ethnic minorities, including the [[Tujia people|Tujia]] and [[Miao people|Miao]], along with the [[Han Chinese]], who make up a majority of the population. Varieties of Chinese spoken include [[Xiang Chinese|Xiang]], [[Gan Chinese|Gan]], and [[Southwestern Mandarin]].

[[Wulingyuan]] was inscribed as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/640/|title=Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611003508/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/640|archive-date=2019-06-11|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Changsha]], the capital, is in the eastern part of the province; it is an important commercial, manufacturing, and transportation center.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/hunan/changsha|title=Changsha travel {{!}} Hunan, China|last=Planet|first=Lonely|website=Lonely Planet|language=en|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711105737/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/hunan/changsha|archive-date=2019-07-11|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[List of the busiest airports in China|busiest airports]] serve domestic and international flights for Hunan, including [[Changsha Huanghua International Airport]], [[Zhangjiajie Hehua International Airport]], and [[Changde Taohuayuan Airport]].<ref name=":8">{{cite web |date=2022-03-22 |script-title=zh: 2021年民航机场吞吐量排名 |url=http://www.caac.gov.cn/XXGK/XXGK/TJSJ/202203/P020220322482530507794.pdf |access-date=2022-03-23 |publisher=Civil Aviation Administration of China |language=zh |archive-date=2023-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324165715/http://www.caac.gov.cn/XXGK/XXGK/TJSJ/202203/P020220322482530507794.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> 

Hunan is the seat of the [[Yuelu Academy]] (later [[Hunan University]]), one of the four major academies over the last 1,000 years in ancient China.<ref>Fan Chengda (1126-1193). ''Shigushanji(石鼓山记)''："天下有书院四：徂徕、金山、岳麓、石鼓。"</ref> As of 2023, Hunan hosts 137 [[List of universities and colleges in Hunan|institutions of higher education]], ranking fifth among all Chinese provinces,<ref name="全国普通高等学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站">{{Cite web |title=全国普通高等学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=https://hudong.moe.gov.cn/qggxmd/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=hudong.moe.gov.cn |archive-date=2024-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621120742/https://hudong.moe.gov.cn/qggxmd/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and it houses five [[Double First-Class Construction|Double First-Class Universities]] of [[Hunan University|Hunan]], [[National University of Defense Technology|Defense Technology]], [[Central South University|Central South]], [[Hunan Normal University|Hunan Normal]] and [[Xiangtan University|Xiangtan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Double First Class Universities 2022-2027 |url=https://www.ugent.be/nl/onderzoek/financiering/bof/chn/doublefirstclasslist.pdf |access-date=May 19, 2025 |website=Universiteit Gent}}</ref> As of 2024, two major cities in Hunan (Changsha 23rd and [[Xiangtan]] 199th) ranked in the world's top [[List of cities by scientific output|200 cities]] by scientific research outputs.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities 2024 {{!}} {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2024-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref>