Editing Hyperacusis (section)

{{short description|Increased sensitivity to sound and decreased tolerance of noise}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name          = Hyperacusis
| synonyms      = Hyperacousis
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| field         = [[Otolaryngology]]
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| differential  = [[Sensory processing disorder]]
| prevention    = 
| treatment     =Tinnitus Retraining Therapy or TRT, Round and Oval Window Reinforcement 
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}}

'''Hyperacusis''' is an increased [[Hearing|sensitivity to sound]] and a low tolerance for environmental noise.  Definitions of hyperacusis can vary significantly; it often revolves around damage to or dysfunction of the [[Stapes|''stapes'' bone]], [[stapedius muscle]] or [[tensor tympani]].  It is often categorized into four subtypes: loudness, pain (also called '''noxacusis'''), annoyance, and fear.<ref name= "pmid25104073">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Tyler RS, Pienkowski M, Roncancio ER, Jun HJ, Brozoski T, Dauman N, Dauman N, Andersson G, Keiner AJ, Cacace AT, Martin N, Moore BC |date= December 2014 |title= A review of hyperacusis and future directions: part I. Definitions and manifestations |journal=American Journal of Audiology |volume=23 |issue= 4 |pages=402–19 |doi= 10.1044/2014_AJA-14-0010 |pmid=25104073}}</ref><ref name= "pmid25478787">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors= Pienkowski M, Tyler RS, Roncancio ER, Jun HJ, Brozoski T, Dauman N, Coelho CB, Andersson G, Keiner AJ, Cacace AT, Martin N, Moore BC |date= December 2014 |title=A review of hyperacusis and future directions: part II. Measurement, mechanisms, and treatment |journal= American Journal of Audiology |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages= 420–36 |pmid= 25478787 |s2cid=449625 |url= https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a5ed/91aa23c1d830720013b3d2b8e41958345f01.pdf |doi= 10.1044/2014_AJA-13-0037 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180409233712/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a5ed/91aa23c1d830720013b3d2b8e41958345f01.pdf |archive-date= 2018-04-09}}</ref> It can be a highly debilitating [[Auditory processing disorder| hearing disorder]].<ref name= "pmid24012803">{{cite journal |vauthors= Knipper M, Van Dijk P, Nunes I, Rüttiger L, Zimmermann U |date= December 2013 |title= Advances in the neurobiology of hearing disorders: recent developments regarding the basis of tinnitus and hyperacusis |journal= Progress in Neurobiology |volume=111 |pages=17–33 |pmid=24012803 |doi= 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.08.002 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

There are a variety of causes and risk factors, with the most common being exposure to loud noise.<ref name="pmid25104073" /> It is often coincident with [[tinnitus]].<ref name="pmid25104073" /> Proposed mechanisms in the literature involve dysfunction in the brain, inner ear, or middle ear.<ref name= "pmid26139435" /><ref name="Liu-2015" /><ref name="Flores-2015" /><ref name= "Noreña 20182" /><ref name= "Fournier-2022a" /><ref name="Fournier-2022b" />

Little is known about the [[prevalence]] of hyperacusis, in part due to the degree of variation in the term's definition.<ref name= "pmid25104073" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosing SN, Schmidt JH, Wedderkopp N, Baguley DM | title = Prevalence of tinnitus and hyperacusis in children and adolescents: a systematic review | journal = BMJ Open | volume = 6 | issue = 6 | page = e010596 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27259524 | pmc = 4893873 | doi = 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010596}}</ref> Reported prevalence estimates vary widely, and further research is needed to obtain strong epidemiological data.<ref name="Musumano-2023">{{Cite journal |last1=Musumano |first1=Lucia Belen |last2= Hatzopoulos |first2=Stavros |last3=Fancello |first3=Virginia |last4=Bianchini |first4=Chiara |last5= Bellini |first5=Tiziana |last6=Pelucchi |first6= Stefano |last7= Skarżyński |first7= Piotr Henryk |last8= Skarżyńska |first8=Magdalena B. |last9=Ciorba |first9=Andrea |date=2023-10-21 |title= Hyperacusis: Focus on Gender Differences: A Systematic Review |journal=Life |volume= 13 |issue= 10 |page = 2092 |doi=10.3390/life13102092 |issn=2075-1729 |pmid=37895473 |pmc=10608418 |bibcode= 2023Life...13.2092M |doi-access= free}}</ref>