Editing INTEGRAL (section)

{{Short description|European space telescope for observing gamma rays}}
{{About|the satellite|integrals in calculus|Integral|other uses}}
{{Infobox spaceflight|auto=all
| name                  = International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL)

<!--image of the spacecraft/mission-->
| image                 = INTEGRAL spacecraft model.png
| image_caption         = Artist's impression of the ''INTEGRAL'' spacecraft
| image_alt             = INTEGRAL 3D image

<!--Basic details-->
| mission_type          = [[Space observatory|Astronomy]]
| operator              = [[European Space Agency|ESA]] {{\}} [[Roscosmos|RKA]] {{\}} [[NASA]]
| COSPAR_ID             = 2002-048A
| SATCAT                = 27540
| website               = {{URL|http://sci.esa.int/integral/}}
| mission_duration      = 10 years (planned)<br>{{time interval|17 Oct 2002|28 Feb 2025|show=ymd|sep=,}} (total)

<!--Spacecraft properties-->
| manufacturer          = [[Thales Alenia Space|Alenia Spazio]]
| launch_mass           = ~ {{cvt|4000|kg|lb}}
| dry_mass              = ~ {{cvt|3450|kg|lb}}
| payload_mass          = ~ {{cvt|2000|kg|lb}}
| dimensions            = {{cvt|5.0|xx|2.8|xx|3.2|m|ft}}
| power                 = <!--end-of-life power, in watts-->

<!--Launch details-->
| launch_date           = {{start-date|17 October 2002, 01:33 UTC|timezone=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2002-048A |title=NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft Details |publisher=NASA |access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref>
| launch_rocket         = [[Proton-K]] [[Blok D|Blok DM2]]
| launch_site           = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]] [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200|Site 200/39]]
| launch_contractor     = [[Roscosmos]]

<!--end of mission-->
| disposal_type         = Decommissioned
| deactivated           = 28 February 2025
| destroyed             = <!--when craft was destroyed (if other than by re-entry)-->
| last_contact          = <!--when last signal received if not decommissioned-->
| decay_date            = 2029

<!--orbit parameters-->
| orbit_epoch           = 17 October 2021, 05:57:43&nbsp;UTC<ref name="n2yo">{{cite web|url=http://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=27540|title=INTEGRAL Satellite details 2002-048A NORAD 27540|publisher=N2YO|date=17 October 2021|access-date=19 October 2021}}</ref>
| orbit_reference       = [[geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime          = [[Highly elliptical orbit|Highly elliptical]]
| orbit_semimajor       = {{convert|81116|km|mi}}<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_periapsis       = {{convert|1911|km|mi}}<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_apoapsis        = {{convert|147563|km|mi}}<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_inclination     = 68.0&nbsp;degrees<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_period          = 3,832.0&nbsp;minutes<ref name="n2yo"/>
| apsis                 = gee

<!--Telescope parameters-->
| telescope_type        = [[Coded aperture|Coded mask telescope]]
| telescope_diameter    = {{convert|3.7|m|ft}}
| telescope_focal_length= ~ {{convert|4|m|ft}}
| telescope_area        = {{convert|500|cm2|sqin|abbr=on}} (SPI, JEM-X)<br/>{{convert|3100|cm2|sqin|abbr=on}} (IBIS)
| telescope_wavelength  = 15 [[keV]] to 10 [[MeV]] (main)<br />3 to 35 keV (JEM-X)<br />500 to 580 [[Nanometre|nm]] (OMC)
| telescope_resolution  = <!--resolution of telescope-->

| instruments_list       = {{Infobox spaceflight/Instruments
 | acronym1 = ACS   | name1 = AntiCoincidence Shield
 | acronym2 = IBIS  | name2 = Imager on-Board the INTEGRAL Satellite
 | acronym3 = IREM  | name3 = INTEGRAL Radiation Environment Monitor
 | acronym4 = JEM-X | name4 = Joint European X-Ray Monitor
 | acronym5 = OMC   | name5 = Optical Monitor Camera
 | acronym6 = SPI   | name6 = SPectrometer for INTEGRAL
}}

| insignia              = File:INTEGRAL insignia.png
| insignia_caption      = ESA astrophysics insignia for ''INTEGRAL''
| insignia_alt          = INTEGRAL mission insignia

| programme             = '''[[European Space Agency Science Programme#Horizon 2000|Horizon 2000]]'''
| previous_mission      = [[Cluster II (spacecraft)|Cluster II]]
| next_mission          = ''[[Rosetta (spacecraft)|Rosetta]]''
}}
[[File:Animation of INTEGRAL trajectory.gif|thumb|right|Animation of INTEGRAL spacecraft orbit trajectory<br/>{{legend2| Lime| Earth}}{{·}}{{legend2|Magenta|INTEGRAL}}]]
The '''INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory''' ('''INTEGRAL''') is a retired [[space telescope]] for observing [[gamma rays]] of energies up to 8 MeV. It was launched by the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA) into Earth orbit in 2002, and is designed to provide imaging and spectroscopy of cosmic sources. In the MeV energy range, it is the most sensitive [[gamma ray astronomy|gamma ray observatory]] in space.<ref>{{cite journal
| journal=American Astronomical Society, HEAD Meeting #4, #17.01; Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society
| title=INTEGRAL Observations of Gamma-Ray Bursts
| volume=31 | pages=717 |date=April 1999
| bibcode=1999HEAD....4.1701T
| last1=Teegarden|first1=B. J.|last2= Sturner|first2=S. J.}}</ref> It is sensitive to higher energy photons than X-ray instruments such as [[NuSTAR]], the [[Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory]], [[XMM-Newton]], and lower than other gamma-ray instruments such ''[[Fermi satellite|Fermi]]'' and [[High Energy Stereoscopic System|HESS]].

Photons in INTEGRAL's energy range are emitted by [[relativistic particle|relativistic]] and [[supra-thermal]]{{clarify|date=May 2020}} particles in violent sources, radioactivity from [[radioactive isotope|unstable isotopes]] produced during [[nucleosynthesis]], [[X-ray binaries]], and [[astronomical transient]]s of all types, including [[gamma-ray bursts]]. The spacecraft's instruments have very wide [[Field of view#Astronomy|fields of view]], which is particularly useful for detecting gamma-ray emission from transient sources as they can continuously monitor large parts of the sky.

INTEGRAL is an ESA mission with additional contributions from European member states including Italy, France, Germany, and Spain. Cooperation partners are the [[Russian Federal Space Agency|Russian Space Agency]] with [[Russian Space Research Institute|IKI]] (military CP Command Punkt KW) and [[NASA]].

From June 2023 until the spacecraft's retirement in 2025 INTEGRAL was able to operate despite the loss of its thrusters through the use of its [[reaction wheel]]s and [[solar radiation pressure]].<ref name="esa-20211018" /><ref name="integral-updates" />