Editing ISRO (section)

{{Short description|Indian national space and aeronautics agency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox space agency
| name         = Indian Space Research Organisation
| native_name  = Bhāratīya Antarikṣa Anusandhāna Saṅgaṭhana
| logo         = Indian Space Research Organisation Logo.svg
| logo_caption = Logo
| image        = ISRO Headquarters Bengaluru.jpg
| image_size   = 300px
| caption      = ISRO Headquarters at [[Bengaluru]]
| headquarters = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| coordinates  = {{Wikidatacoord|Q229058|type:landmark_region:IN-KA|display=inline title}}
| jurisdiction = [[Department of Space]]
| owner        = {{Flagicon|India}} [[Government of India]]
|motto         = "Space technology in the service of humankind"
| established  = {{Start date and age|df=y|1969|8|15}}
| preceding1   = [[Indian National Committee for Space Research|INCOSPAR]] (1962–1969)
| employees    = 19,247 (as on 1 March 2022)<ref name="annualreport2022-2023">{{cite report|title=Annual Report 2022-2023: 3.2 Human Resources |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/HumanResource.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128014945/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/HumanResource.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2024 |work=[[Department of Space]] |page=139 }}</ref>
| spaceports   = {{bulleted list
|[[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
|[[SSLV Launch Complex]]
|[[Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]]}}
| leader_title = [[Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation|Chairman]]
| leader_name  = [[V. Narayanan (engineer)|V. Narayanan]]
| website      = {{URL|https://www.isro.gov.in/|isro.gov.in}}
| agency_type  = Government space agency
| budget       = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|13416.2|c|lk=on}} <small>(2025–26)</small><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Feb 2025 |title=316 No.95/Department of Space|url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sbe95.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi40-3xqNKMAxXTzjgGHRmPEL0QFnoECCYQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2mUtbCLTpcgUOgqJZYjbGM |access-date=1 Feb 2025 |website=IndiaBudget.gov.in |pages=5 |format=PDF |publication-place=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref>|owner_US=[[{{IND}}]]
}}

The '''Indian Space Research Organisation''' ('''ISRO''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|s|r|oʊ}}){{efn|[[ISO 15919]]: {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Bhāratīya Antarikṣa Anusandhāna Saṅgaṭhana}}}} is India's national [[List of government space agencies|space agency]], headquartered in [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]. It serves as the principal research and development arm of the [[Department of Space]] (DoS), overseen by the [[Prime Minister of India]], with the [[Chairperson of the Indian Space Research Organisation|Chairman of ISRO]] also serving as the chief executive of the DoS. It is primarily responsible for space-based operations, [[space exploration]], international space cooperation and the development of related technologies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Space Research Organisation |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/profile.html |access-date=22 August 2023 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105193909/https://www.isro.gov.in/profile.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The agency maintains a constellation of [[Earth observation satellite|imaging]], [[Communications satellite|communications]] and [[remote sensing]] satellites. It operates the [[GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation|GAGAN]] and [[Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System|IRNSS]] [[satellite navigation]] systems. It has sent [[Chandrayaan programme|three missions]] to the [[Moon]] and [[Mars Orbiter Mission|one mission]] to [[Mars]].

Formerly known as the [[Indian National Committee for Space Research]] (INCOSPAR), ISRO was set up in 1962 by the [[Government of India]] on the recommendation of scientist [[Vikram Sarabhai]]. It was renamed as ISRO in 1969 and was subsumed into the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] (DAE).<ref>{{cite web |date=29 August 2019 |title=Atomic Energy Commission {{!}} Department of Atomic Energy | work=[[Government of India]] |url=http://dae.nic.in/?q=node/394 |access-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829222918/http://dae.nic.in/?q=node/394 |archive-date=29 August 2019}}</ref> The establishment of ISRO institutionalised space research activities in India.{{sfn|Bhargava|Chakrabarti|2003|pp=39}}{{sfn|Sadeh|2013|pp=303-}} In 1972, the Government set up a Space Commission and the DoS, bringing ISRO under its purview. It has since then been managed by the DoS, which also governs various other institutions in the domain of astronomy and space technology.<ref name="DOSHQ">{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/department-of-space-and-isro-hq |title=Department of Space and ISRO HQ – ISRO |access-date=28 March 2019 |work=Indian Space Research Organisation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328053630/https://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/department-of-space-and-isro-hq |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

ISRO built India's first satellite [[Aryabhata (satellite)|Aryabhata]] which was launched by the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] space agency [[Interkosmos]] in 1975.<ref name="Aryabhatta">{{cite web |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/aryabhata-1 |title=Aryabhata – ISRO |work=Indian Space Research Organisation |access-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815200808/https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/aryabhata-1 |archive-date=15 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1980, it launched the satellite [[Rohini (satellite)|RS-1]] on board the indigenously built launch vehicle [[Satellite Launch Vehicle|SLV-3]], making India the [[Timeline of first orbital launches by country|seventh country]] to undertake orbital launches. It has subsequently developed various [[small-lift launch vehicle|small-lift]] and [[medium-lift launch vehicle]]s, enabling the agency to launch various satellites and [[Deep space exploration|deep space]] missions. It is one of the six government space agencies in the world that possess full launch capabilities with the ability to deploy [[Cryogenic rocket engine|cryogenic engines]], launch [[List of Solar System probes|extraterrestrial missions]] and [[Satellite|artificial satellites]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Pulakkat |first=Hari |date=9 January 2014 |title=How ISRO developed the indigenous cryogenic engine |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-isro-developed-the-indigenous-cryogenic-engine/articleshow/28575364.cms |access-date=2023-08-22 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105193907/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-isro-developed-the-indigenous-cryogenic-engine/articleshow/28575364.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Harvey|Smid|Pirard|2011|pp=144–}}{{efn|[[CNSA]] (China), [[European Space Agency|ESA]] (most of Europe), ISRO, (India), [[JAXA]] (Japan), [[NASA]] (United States) and [[Roscosmos]] (Russia) are the six space agencies with full launch capabilities.}} It is also the only one of the four governmental space agencies to have demonstrated unmanned [[soft landing]] capabilities.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mashal |first=Mujib |date=24 August 2023 |title=India's Moon Landing Offers Blueprint For Other Countries Dreaming Big |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/24/world/asia/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-space.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002162641/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/24/world/asia/india-chandrayaan-3-moon-landing-space.html |archive-date=2 October 2023 |access-date=27 August 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>{{efn|The Soviet Union ([[Interkosmos]]), The United States (NASA), China (CNSA) and India (ISRO) are the four nations to have successfully achieved unmanned [[soft landing]].}}

ISRO's programmes have played a significant role in socio-economic development. It has supported both civilian and military domains in various aspects such as [[Emergency management|disaster management]], [[Telehealth|telemedicine]], navigation and reconnaissance. [[ISRO spin-off technologies|ISRO's spin-off technologies]] have also aided in new innovations in engineering and other allied domains.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 June 2019 |title=ISRO forms new commercial arm to exploit technology, launch satellites |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/isro-forms-new-psu-to-commercially-exploit-technology-launch-satellites/article28195144.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203012636/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/isro-forms-new-psu-to-commercially-exploit-technology-launch-satellites/article28195144.ece |archive-date=3 December 2023 |access-date=23 August 2023 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] [[Business Line]]}}</ref>