Editing Image schema (section)

{{Short description|Recurring structure in cognitive processes}}
[[Image:ContainmentSchema.png|175px|thumb|''Figure 1'' - containment image schema]]
An '''image schema''' (both ''schemas'' and ''schemata'' are used as plural forms) is a recurring structure within our [[cognition|cognitive]] processes which establishes patterns of understanding and reasoning. As an understudy to [[embodied cognition]], image schemas are formed from our bodily interactions,<ref>{{Cite journal
 | pmid = 1454900
| year = 1992
| last1 = Mandler
| first1 = J. M.
| title = How to build a baby: II. Conceptual primitives
| journal = [[Psychological Review]]
| volume = 99
| issue = 4
| pages = 587–604
 | doi=10.1037/0033-295x.99.4.587
| citeseerx = 10.1.1.460.5280
| s2cid = 18194545
}}</ref> from linguistic experience, and from historical context. The term is introduced in [[Mark Johnson (professor)|Mark Johnson]]'s book ''The Body in the Mind''; in case study 2 of [[George Lakoff]]'s ''Women, Fire and Dangerous Things:'' and further explained by [[Todd Oakley]] in ''The Oxford handbook of cognitive linguistics;'' by [[Rudolf Arnheim]] in ''Visual Thinking''; by the collection ''From Perception to Meaning: Image Schemas in Cognitive Linguistics'' edited by [[Beate Hampe]] and Joseph E. Grady.

In contemporary [[cognitive linguistics]], an image schema is considered an embodied prelinguistic structure of experience that motivates [[conceptual metaphor]] mappings. Learned in early infancy they are often described as spatiotemporal relationships that enable actions and describe characteristics of the environment. They exist both as static and dynamic version, describing both states and processes,<ref>{{Citation|last=Cienki|first=Alan|title=Some Properties and Groupings of Image Schemas|date=1997|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.150.04cie|work=Lexical and Syntactical Constructions and the Construction of Meaning|series=Current Issues in Linguistic Theory|volume=150|pages=3|place=Amsterdam|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|doi=10.1075/cilt.150.04cie|isbn=978-90-272-3654-8|access-date=2021-02-08}}</ref> compare Containment vs. Going_In/Out, and they are learned from all sensorimodalities. 

Evidence for image schemas is drawn from a number of related disciplines, including work on cross-modal cognition in [[psychology]], from spatial cognition in both [[linguistics]] and psychology,<ref>{{Cite journal
 | pmid = 10815775
| year = 2000
| last1 = Boroditsky
| first1 = L
| title = Metaphoric structuring: Understanding time through spatial metaphors
| journal = Cognition
| volume = 75
| issue = 1
| pages = 1–28
 | doi=10.1016/s0010-0277(99)00073-6
| citeseerx = 10.1.1.11.5402
| s2cid = 11579775
}}</ref> cognitive linguistics,<ref>Croft, W., & Cruse, D. A. (2004). ''Cognitive Linguistics'' (p. 374). New York: [[Cambridge University Press]].</ref> and from [[neuroscience]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Rohrer|first=Tim|title=From Perception to Meaning |chapter=Image schemata in the brain|date=2005-12-15|chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110197532.2.165|series=Cognitive Linguistics Research|volume=29|pages=165–198|place=Berlin, New York|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter|doi=10.1515/9783110197532.2.165|isbn=978-3-11-018311-5|access-date=2021-01-26}}</ref> The influences of image schemas is not only seen in cognitive linguistics and developmental psychology, but also in interface design<ref>{{Citation|last1=Kuhn|first1=Werner|title=A Formalization of Metaphors and Image-Schemas in User Interfaces|date=1991|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2606-9_24|work=Cognitive and Linguistic Aspects of Geographic Space|pages=419–434|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-94-010-5151-4|access-date=2021-01-26|last2=Frank|first2=Andrew U.|doi=10.1007/978-94-011-2606-9_24}}</ref> and more recently, the theory has become of increased interest in artificial intelligence<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hedblom|first=Maria M.|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-47329-7|title=Image Schemas and Concept Invention: Cognitive, Logical, and Linguistic Investigations|date=2020|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-030-47328-0|series=Cognitive Technologies|location=Cham|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-47329-7|s2cid=219607936}}</ref> and cognitive robotics<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Astor|first=James|date=2011-03-15|title=Saying what you mean, meaning what you say: language, interaction and interpretation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5922.2010.01902.x|journal=Journal of Analytical Psychology|volume=56|issue=2|pages=203–216|doi=10.1111/j.1468-5922.2010.01902.x|pmid=21434900|issn=0021-8774}}</ref> to help ground meaning.