Editing Infrared Space Observatory (section)

{{Short description|Orbital satellite telescope}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name               = Infrared Space Observatory
| names_list         = ISO

<!--image of the spacecraft/mission-->| image              = Schema-telescope-ISO.png
| image_caption      = Scheme of the telescope
| image_alt          = <!--image alt text-->
| image_size         = <!--include px/em; defaults to 220px-->

<!--Basic details-->| mission_type       = 
| operator           = [[European Space Agency|ESA]] with significant contributions from [[Institute of Space and Astronautical Science|ISAS]] and [[NASA]]
| Harvard_designation = <!--spacecraft launched 1962 and earlier only (eg. 1957 Alpha 2)-->
| COSPAR_ID          = 1995-062A
| SATCAT             = 23715
| website            = [http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=18 ISO at ESA science]
| mission_duration   = 28 months 22 days
| distance_travelled = <!--How far the spacecraft travelled (if known)-->
| orbits_completed   = <!--number of times the spacecraft orbited the Earth - see below for spacecraft beyond Earth orbit-->
| suborbital_range   = <!--downrange distance reached if spacecraft did not enter orbit-->
| suborbital_apogee  = <!--altitude reached if spacecraft did not enter orbit-->

<!--Spacecraft properties-->| spacecraft         = <!--Spacecraft name/serial number (eg. Space Shuttle ''Discovery'', Apollo CM-118), etc-->
| spacecraft_type    = 
| spacecraft_bus     = <!--eg. A2100M, Star-2, etc-->
| manufacturer       = [[Aérospatiale]]
| launch_mass        = <!--fuelled mass at launch, not including rocket or upper stage-->
| BOL_mass           = 2498 kg
| landing_mass       = <!--Mass after landing (recovered spacecraft only)-->
| dry_mass           = <!--spacecraft mass in orbit without fuel-->
| payload_mass       = <!--Mass of cargo carried by spacecraft (eg. for Space Shuttle), or total mass of instrumentation/equipment/experiments for mission-->
| dimensions         = <!--body dimensions and solar array span-->
| power              = <!--end-of-life power, in watts-->

<!--Expedition details-->| space_station      = <!--space station the expedition occurred aboard-->
| start_date         = <!--date the crew took command of the station-->
| end_date           = <!--date the crew ceased command of the station-->
| arrival_craft      = <!--spacecraft the crew arrived aboard-->
| departure_craft    = <!--spacecraft the crew departed aboard-->

<!--Crew details-->| crew_size          = <!--number of astronauts/cosmonauts aboard the spacecraft-->
| crew_members       = <!--crew who launched AND landed aboard the spacecraft-->
| crew_launching     = <!--crew who only launched aboard the spacecraft-->
| crew_landing       = <!--crew who only landed aboard the spacecraft-->
| crew_callsign      = <!--spacecraft's callsign-->
| crew_expedition    = <!--space station expedition(s) the mission was in support of, do NOT use if the mission is an expedition itself-->
| crew_EVAs          = <!--number of EVAs conducted during the mission-->
| crew_EVA_duration  = <!--time spent on EVA-->
| crew_photo         = <!--omit the "file" prefix-->
| crew_photo_alt     = <!--alt text for image-->
| crew_photo_caption = <!--image caption-->
| crew_photo_size    = <!--defaults to 220px-->

<!--Launch details-->| launch_date        = {{start date|1995|11|17|01|20|7=Z|df=y}}
| launch_rocket      = [[Ariane 4]] 4P
| launch_site        = [[Centre Spatial Guyanais#ELA-2|ELA-2]]
| launch_contractor  = <!--organisation(s) that conducted the launch (eg. United Launch Alliance, Arianespace, etc)-->
| deployment_from    = <!--place where deployed from-->
| deployment_date    = <!--date deployed-->
| entered_service    = <!--date on which the spacecraft entered service, if it did not do so immediately after launch-->
<!-- * - e.g. Proton-M/Briz-M not Proton-M, but Titan IV(401)A not Titan IV(401)A-Centaur-->

<!--end of mission-->| disposal_type      = |
| deactivated        = 16 May 1998 12:00 UTC
| destroyed          = <!--when craft was destroyed (if other than by re-entry)-->
| last_contact       = <!--when last signal received if not decommissioned-->
| recovery_by        = <!--recovered by-->
| recovery_date      = <!--recovery date-->
| decay_date         = <!--when craft re-entered the atmosphere, not needed if it landed-->
| landing_date       = <!--when the spacecraft made a controlled landing, not needed if it did not return intact-->
| landing_site       = <!--where the craft landed; site/runway or coordinates-->
<!--
    The following template should be used for ONE of the three above fields "end_of_mission", "decay" or "landing" if the spacecraft is no longer operational.
    If it landed intact, use it for the landing time, otherwise for the date it ceased operations, or the decay date if it was still operational when it re-entered.
    {{end date|YYYY|MM|DD|hh|mm|ss|TZ=Z}} (for Zulu/UTC) or {{end date|YYYY|MM|DD}} (if time unknown) 
-->

<!--orbit parameters-->
<!--as science-related articles, SI units should be the principal units of measurement, however we usually use {{convert}} to display imperial units in parentheses after the initial values-->| orbit_reference    = [[geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime       = [[Elliptic orbit|Highly elliptical]]
| orbit_longitude    = <!--geosynchronous satellites only-->
| orbit_slot         = <!--Designation of orbital position or slot, if not longitude (e.g plane and position of a GPS satellite)-->
| orbit_semimajor    = <!--semimajor axis-->
| orbit_eccentricity = <!--orbital eccentricity-->
| orbit_periapsis    = 1000 km
| orbit_apoapsis     = 70600 km
| orbit_inclination  = <!--orbital inclination-->
| orbit_period       = 24 hr
| orbit_RAAN         = <!--right ascension of the ascending node-->
| orbit_arg_periapsis = <!--argument of perigee/periapsis-->
| orbit_mean_anomaly = <!--mean anomaly at epoch, only use in conjunction with an epoch value-->
| orbit_mean_motion  = <!--mean motion of the satellite, usually measured in orbits per day-->
| orbit_repeat       = <!--repeat interval/revisit time-->
| orbit_velocity     = <!--speed at which the spacecraft was travelling at epoch - only use for spacecraft with low orbital eccentricity-->
| orbit_epoch        = <!--the date at which the orbit parameters were correct-->
| orbit_rev_number   = <!--revolution number-->
| apsis              = gee
| interplanetary     = <!--Infobox spaceflight/IP can be called multiple times for missions with multiple targets or combined orbiter/lander missions, etc-->
 {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
   |type                = orbiter
   |object              = <!--body visited - e.g. Jupiter, Venus, etc-->
   |orbits              = <!--number of orbits completed at target body (if applicable and known)-->
   |component           = <!--part of the spacecraft involved, if spacecraft split into multiple components-->
   |arrival_date        = <!--Flybys: date/time of closest approach; Orbiters; orbital insertion date; Impactors/Landers/Rovers: impact/landing date/time; Atmospheric probes: atmospheric entry time-->
   |departure_date      = <!--Date of leaving orbit for orbiters, date of launch for landers which took off again-->
   |location            = <!--landing/impact site, including EOM impacts for atmospheric probes and lunar/asteroid orbiters-->
   |distance            = <!--closest approach distance for flybys, distance travelled on surface for rovers, omit for others-->
   |sample_mass         = <!--mass of samples returned (sample return missions only)-->
   |surface_EVAs        = <!--number of EVAs on the surface-->
   |surface_EVA_time    = <!--time spent on surface EVAs-->
   
   <!--Orbit parameters, ONLY USE IF THE ABOVE ORBIT PARAMETERS SECTION DOESN'T APPLY TO THE TARGET-->
   |periapsis           = <!--periapsis altitude-->
   |apoapsis            = <!--apoapsis altitude--> 
   |inclination         = <!--inclination to the object's equator-->
   |apsis               = <!--planet specific apsis term, as above-->
 }}

<!--Telescope parameters-->| instrument_type    = <!--converts telescope fields to suit a camera or other similar instrument-->
| telescope_name     = <!--name, if different to the satellite-->
| telescope_type     = [[Ritchey-Chrétien telescope|Ritchey-Chrétien]]
| telescope_diameter = 60 cm
| telescope_focal_length = 900 cm, ''f''/15
| telescope_area     = <!--collecting area-->
| telescope_wavelength = 2.4 to 240 [[micrometre]] ([[infrared]])
| telescope_resolution = <!--resolution of telescope-->

<!--transponder parameters-->| trans_band         = <!--Transponder frequency bands-->
| trans_frequency    = <!--specific frequencies-->
| trans_bandwidth    = <!--bandwidth-->
| trans_capacity     = <!--capacity of the transponders-->
| trans_coverage     = <!--area covered-->
| trans_TWTA         = <!--TWTA output power-->
| trans_EIRP         = <!--equivalent isotropic power-->
| trans_HPBW         = <!--half-power beam width-->
| instruments_list   = {{Infobox spaceflight/Instruments
 | acronym1  = ISOCAM  | name1 = ISO Infrared Camera
 | acronym2  = ISOPHOT | name2 = ISO photo-polarimeter
 | acronym3  = LWS     | name3 = Long Wave Spectrometer
 | acronym4  = SWS     | name4 = Short Wave Spectrometer
}}
| insignia           = File:ISO insignia.png
| insignia_caption   = Legacy ESA insignia for the ''ISO'' mission
| insignia_alt       = ISO legacy mission insignia
| insignia_size      = 180x180px
| programme          = 
| previous_mission   = 
| next_mission       = 
}}

The '''Infrared Space Observatory''' ('''ISO''') was a [[space telescope]] for [[infrared]] light designed and operated by the [[European Space Agency]] (ESA), in cooperation with ISAS (now part of [[Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency|JAXA]]) and [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration|NASA]]. The ISO was designed to study infrared light at [[wavelengths]] of 2.5 to 240 [[micrometres]] and operated from 1995 to 1998.<ref name="ESA-ISO" />

The [[Euro|€]]480.1-[[million]] satellite<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kessler |first=Martin |date=November 2003 |title=ISO - Mission & Satellite Overview Volume I |url=https://general-tools.cosmos.esa.int/iso/manuals/HANDBOOK/gen_hb/gen_hb.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ISO Handbook Volume I (GEN) |url=https://general-tools.cosmos.esa.int/iso/manuals/HANDBOOK/gen_hb/node12.php |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=ESA COSMOS}}</ref> was launched on 17 November 1995 from the [[Centre Spatial Guyanais#ELA-2|ELA-2]] [[launch pad]] at the [[Guiana Space Centre]] near [[Kourou]] in French Guiana. The [[launch vehicle]], an [[Ariane 4]]4P rocket, placed ISO successfully into a [[Elliptic orbit|highly elliptical]] [[geocentric orbit]], completing one revolution around the [[Earth (planet)|Earth]] every 24 hours. The [[primary mirror]] of its [[Ritchey-Chrétien telescope]] measured 60&nbsp;cm in diameter and was cooled to 1.7 [[kelvin]]s by means of [[superfluid]] [[helium]]. The ISO satellite contained four instruments that allowed for imaging and [[Photometry (astronomy)|photometry]] from 2.5 to 240 [[micrometre]]s and [[spectroscopy]] from 2.5 to 196.8 micrometers.

ESA and the [[Infrared Processing and Analysis Center]] made efforts to improve the data pipelines and specialized software analysis tools to yield the best quality calibration and data reduction methods from the mission. IPAC supports ISO observers and data archive users through in-house visits and workshops.