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Intelligence
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{{Short description|Ability to perceive, infer, retain or apply information}} {{About||the human faculty of thinking and understanding|Intellect|human intelligence|Human intelligence|other uses}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}} {{Intelligence}} {{Psychology sidebar}} '''Intelligence''' has been defined in many ways: the capacity for [[abstraction]], [[logic]], [[understanding]], [[self-awareness]], [[learning]], [[emotional knowledge]], [[reason]]ing, [[planning]], [[creativity]], [[critical thinking]], and [[problem-solving]]. It can be described as the ability to perceive or infer [[information]] and to retain it as [[knowledge]] to be applied to adaptive behaviors within an environment or context.<ref>Sharma, Radha R. (2008). ''Emotional Intelligence from 17th Century to 21st Century: Perspectives and Directions for Future Research.'' Sage Journals. Vol. 12.</ref> The term rose to prominence during the early 1900s.{{vague|date=March 2025|reason=early 1900s decade or early 20th century?}}<ref>White, Margaret B. & Hall, Alfred E. (1980). ''An overview of intelligence testing.'' Phi Delta Kappa International. Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 210-216</ref><ref>Buxton, Claude E. (1985). ''Influences in Psychology: Points of View in the Modern History of Psychology.'' Academic Press.</ref> Most [[psychologist]]s believe that intelligence can be divided into various domains or competencies.<ref name=":5" /> Intelligence has been long-studied in [[human]]s, and across numerous disciplines. It has also been observed in the [[Animal cognition|cognition of non-human animals]].<ref name="Shettleworth">{{cite book |title=Cognition, Evolution and Behavior |vauthors=Shettleworth SJ |publisher=Oxford Press |year=2010 |edition=2ND |location=New York}}</ref> Some researchers have suggested that [[Plant|plants]] exhibit forms of intelligence, though this remains controversial.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Parise |first1=André Geremia |last2=Gaglianob |first2=Monica |last3=Souza |first3=Gustavo Maia |date=3 January 2020 |title=Extended cognition in plants: is it possible? |journal=Plant Signaling & Behavior |volume=15 |issue=2|doi=10.1080/15592324.2019.1710661 |pmid=31900033 |pmc=7053971 |bibcode=2020PlSiB..1510661P }}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> {{TOC limit|limit=3}}
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