Editing Intraocular lens (section)

{{Short description|Lens implanted in the eye to treat cataracts and/or myopia or hyperopia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox interventions
| Name        = Intraocular lens
| Image       = Hinterkammerlinse 01 (fcm).jpg
| Caption     = A posterior chamber IOL (with haptics)
| ICD10       =
| ICD9        = {{ICD9proc|13.72}}
| MeshID      = D054120
| OPS301      = 5-984
| OtherCodes  =
}}

[[Image:Visian Implantable Collamer Lens.jpg|thumb|A phakic IOL]]
An '''intraocular lens''' ('''IOL''') is a [[lens (optics)|lens]] implanted in the [[human eye|eye]] usually as part of a treatment for [[cataract]]s or for correcting other vision problems such as [[myopia|near-sightedness]] (myopia) and [[farsightedness|far-sightedness]] (hyperopia); a form of [[refractive surgery]]. If the natural lens is left in the eye, the IOL is known as [[Phakic intraocular lens|''phakic'']], otherwise it is a ''pseudophakic'' lens (or false lens). Both kinds of IOLs are designed to provide the same light-focusing function as the natural [[crystalline]] lens.<ref name=pmid21029908>{{cite journal | vauthors = Güell JL, Morral M, Kook D, Kohnen T | title = Phakic intraocular lenses part 1: historical overview, current models, selection criteria, and surgical techniques | journal = Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery | volume = 36 | issue = 11 | pages = 1976–93 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 21029908 | doi = 10.1016/j.jcrs.2010.08.014 | s2cid = 23014138 }}</ref> This can be an alternative to [[LASIK]], but LASIK is not an alternative to an IOL for treatment of cataracts.

IOLs usually consist of a small plastic lens with plastic side struts, called haptics, to hold the lens in place in the capsular bag inside the eye.<ref name=pmid17172886>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sanders D, Vukich JA | title = Comparison of implantable collamer lens (ICL) and laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for low myopia | journal = Cornea | volume = 25 | issue = 10 | pages = 1139–46 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17172886 | doi = 10.1097/ICO.0b013e31802cbf3c | s2cid = 19435692 }}</ref> IOLs were originally made of a rigid material ([[Poly(methyl methacrylate)|PMMA]]), although this has largely been superseded by the use of flexible materials, such as [[silicone]]. Most IOLs fitted today are fixed monofocal lenses matched to distance vision. However, other types are available, such as a [[multifocal intraocular lens]] that provides multiple-focused vision at far and reading distance, and adaptive IOLs that provide limited visual accommodation.  Multifocal IOLs can also be trifocal IOLs or extended depth of focus (EDOF) lenses.

As of 2021, nearly 28 million cataract procedures take place annually worldwide. That is about 75,000 procedures per day globally.<ref name="Lindstrom 2021" /> The procedure can be done under local or topical anesthesia with the patient awake throughout the operation. The use of a flexible IOL enables the lens to be rolled for insertion into the capsular bag through a very small incision, thus avoiding the need for stitches. This procedure usually takes less than 30 minutes in the hands of an experienced [[ophthalmologist]], and the recovery period is about 2–3 weeks. After surgery, patients should avoid strenuous exercise or anything else that significantly increases blood pressure. They should visit their ophthalmologists regularly for 3 weeks to monitor the implants.

IOL implantation carries several risks associated with eye surgeries, such as infection, loosening of the lens, lens rotation, inflammation, nighttime halos and retinal detachment.<ref name="Statpearls" /> Though IOLs enable many patients to have reduced dependence on glasses, most patients still rely on glasses for certain activities, such as reading. These reading glasses may be avoided in some cases if multifocal IOLs, trifocal IOLs or EDOF lenses are used.<ref name="Zamora" /><ref name="de Silva et al 2016" /><ref name="Kohnen and Suryakumar 2022" />