Editing Intrapersonal communication (section)

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{{Short description|Communication with oneself}}
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{{Redirect|Self talk|the Olympia album|Self Talk}}
[[File:Philly Thinker.JPG|thumb|alt=Photo of Rodin's sculpture The Thinker|Intensive thinking to oneself is a typical form of intrapersonal communication, as exemplified by [[Rodin]]'s sculpture ''[[The Thinker]]''.{{sfn|Ehrlich|2000|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GmlrWZ_xE1kC&pg=PA38 38–41]}}]]
'''Intrapersonal communication''' (also known as '''autocommunication''' or '''inner speech''') is [[communication]] with oneself or self-to-self communication. Examples are thinking to oneself "I will do better next time" after having made a mistake or imagining a conversation with one's boss in preparation for leaving work early. It is often understood as an exchange of [[message]]s in which sender and receiver are the same person. Some theorists use a wider definition that goes beyond message-based accounts and focuses on the role of [[Meaning (philosophy)|meaning]] and making sense of things. Intrapersonal communication can happen alone or in social situations. It may be prompted internally or occur as a response to changes in the environment.

Intrapersonal communication encompasses a great variety of phenomena. A central type happens purely internally as an exchange within one's [[mind]]. Some researchers see this as the only form. In a wider sense, however, there are also types of self-to-self communication that are mediated through external means, like when writing a diary or a shopping list for oneself. For [[Verbal communication|verbal]] intrapersonal communication, messages are formulated using a language, in contrast to [[Non-verbal communication|non-verbal]] forms sometimes used in [[imagination]] and [[memory]]. One contrast among inner verbal forms is between '''self-talk''' and '''inner dialogue'''. Self-talk involves only one voice talking to itself. For inner dialogue, several voices linked to different positions take turns in a form of imaginary interaction. Other phenomena related to intrapersonal communication include planning, [[problem-solving]], [[perception]], [[reasoning]], [[self-persuasion]], [[introspection]], and [[dream]]ing.

[[Models of communication|Models of intrapersonal communication]] discuss which components are involved and how they interact. Many models hold that the process starts with the perception and [[Interpretation (philosophy)|interpretation]] of internal and external [[Stimulus (psychology)|stimuli]] or cues. Later steps involve the symbolic [[encoding]] of a message that becomes a new stimulus. Some models identify the same [[self]] as sender and receiver. Others see the self as a complex entity and understand the process as an exchange between different parts of the self or between different selves belonging to the same person. Intrapersonal communication contrasts with [[interpersonal communication]], in which the sender and the receiver are distinct persons. The two phenomena influence each other in various ways. For example, positive and negative feedback received from other people affects how a person talks to themself. Intrapersonal communication is involved in interpreting messages received from others and in formulating responses. Because of this role, some theorists hold that intrapersonal communication is the foundation of all communication. But this position is not generally accepted and an alternative is to hold that intrapersonal communication is an internalized version of interpersonal communication.

Because of its many functions and influences, intrapersonal communication is usually understood as a significant psychological phenomenon. It plays a key role in [[mental health]], specifically in relation to positive and negative self-talk. Negative self-talk focuses on bad aspects of the self, at times in an excessively critical way. It is linked to [[psychological stress]], [[anxiety]], and [[Depression (mood)|depression]]. A step commonly associated with countering negative self-talk is to become aware of negative patterns. Further steps are to challenge the truth of overly critical judgments and to foster more positive patterns of thought. Of special relevance in this regard is the [[self-concept]], i.e. how a person sees themself, specifically their [[self-esteem]] or how they evaluate their [[abilities]] and characteristics. Intrapersonal communication is not as thoroughly researched as other forms of communication. One reason is that it is more difficult to study since it happens primarily as an internal process. Another reason is that the term is often used in a very wide sense making it difficult to demarcate which phenomena belong to it.