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Isabella II
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{{Short description|Queen of Spain from 1833 to 1868}} {{about|the queen of Spain|the queen of Jerusalem|Isabella II of Jerusalem}} {{redirect|Isabel II|ships named Isabel II|Spanish ship Isabel II{{!}}Spanish ship ''Isabel II''}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Isabella II | title = | succession = {{br separated entries|[[Queen of Spain]]}} | moretext = ([[List of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown|more...]]) | image = Isabel de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias.jpg | caption = Formal portrait, 1860 | reign = 29 September 1833 – {{nowrap|30 September 1868}} | reign-type = [[Reign of Isabella II|Reign]] | cor-type = {{nowrap|[[Enthronement#Spain|Enthronement]]}} | coronation = 10 November 1843 | predecessor = [[Ferdinand VII]] | successor = [[Amadeo I]] (1870) | regent = ''[[List_of_prime_ministers_of_Spain#Kingdom_of_Spain_(1823–1868)|Full list]]'' | reg-type = Prime ministers | reg-type1 = [[Regencies on behalf of Isabella II|Regents]] | regent1 = [[Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies|Queen María Cristina]] {{nowrap|(1833–1840)}}<br />[[Baldomero Espartero]] {{nowrap|(1840–1843)}} | birth_date = {{birth date|1830|10|10|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Royal Palace of Madrid]] <br/> [[Madrid]], Spain | death_date = {{Death date and age|1904|4|9|1830|10|10|df=y}} | death_place = [[The Peninsula Paris|Palacio Castilla]]<br/> [[Paris]], France | burial_place = [[El Escorial]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Francisco de Asís, Duke of Cádiz]]|1846|1902|end=d.}} | issue = {{plainlist| * [[Infanta Isabel, Countess of Girgenti|Isabel, Princess of Asturias]] * [[Alfonso XII]] * [[Infanta María del Pilar]] * [[Infanta María de la Paz]] * [[Infanta María Eulalia, Duchess of Galliera]] }} | issue-link = #Issue | issue-pipe = Among others... | full name = María Isabel Luisa de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias | house = [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] | father = [[Ferdinand VII]] | mother = [[Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies]] | religion = [[Catholic Church in Spain|Catholicism]] | signature = Isabella II signature.svg }} '''Isabella II''' ({{langx|es|Isabel II}}, María Isabel Luisa de Borbón y Borbón-Dos Sicilias; 10 October 1830 – 9 April 1904) was [[Queen of Spain]] from 1833 until [[Glorious Revolution (Spain)|her deposition in 1868]]. She is the only [[queen regnant]] in the history of unified Spain.<ref>''Monarchy and Liberalism in Spain: The Building of the Nation-State, 1780–1931''. United Kingdom, Taylor & Francis, 2020.</ref>{{Refn|group=n.|She was formally Queen of Spain, unlike [[Isabella I]], who was proclaimed Queen of Castile, although the latter is nevertheless sometimes considered to have also been Queen of Spain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kings-and-Queens-Regnant-of-Spain-1830606|website=Britannica|title=Kings and Queens Regnant of Spain|date=31 October 2023 }}</ref>}} Isabella was the elder daughter of [[King Ferdinand VII]] and [[Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies|Queen Maria Christina]]. Shortly before Isabella's birth, her father issued the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1830|Pragmatic Sanction]] to revert the [[Salic Law]] and ensure the succession of his firstborn daughter, due to his lack of a son. She came to the throne a month before her third birthday, but her succession was disputed by her uncle [[Infante Carlos]] (founder of the [[Carlist movement]]), whose refusal to recognize a female sovereign led to the [[Carlist Wars]]. Under the regency of her mother, Spain transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy, adopting the [[Spanish Royal Statute of 1834|Royal Statute of 1834]] and [[Spanish Constitution of 1837|Constitution of 1837]]. Isabella was declared of age and began her personal rule in 1843. Her effective reign was a period marked by palace intrigues, back-stairs and antechamber influences, barracks conspiracies, and military ''[[pronunciamiento]]s''. Her marriage to [[Francisco de Asís, Duke of Cádiz]] was an unhappy one, and her personal conduct as well as rumours of affairs damaged her reputation. In September 1868, a naval mutiny began in [[Cadiz]], marking the beginning of the [[Glorious Revolution (Spain)|Glorious Revolution]]. The defeat of her forces by Marshal [[Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre]], brought her reign to an end, and she went into exile in France. In 1870, she formally abdicated the Spanish throne in favour of her son, [[Alfonso XII|Alfonso]]. In 1874, the [[First Spanish Republic]] was overthrown in a coup. The [[Bourbon monarchy]] was restored, and Alfonso ascended the throne as King Alfonso XII. Isabella returned to Spain two years later but soon again left for France, where she resided until her death in 1904.
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