Editing Ischemia (section)

{{short description|Restriction in blood supply to tissues}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name            = Ischemia
| image           = Ischemia.JPG
| caption         = Vascular ischemia of the toes with characteristic [[cyanosis]]
| field           = [[Vascular surgery]]
| synonyms        = ischaemia, ischæmia
| pronounce       = {{IPAc-en|ɪ|ˈ|s|k|iː|m|i|ə}}<ref>''[[OED]]'' 2nd edition, 1989.</ref><ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ischemia Entry "ischemia"] in ''[http://www.merriam-webster.com/ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]''.</ref>
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'''Ischemia''' [[American and British English spelling differences#ae and oe|or]] '''ischaemia''' is a restriction in [[blood]] supply to any [[tissue (biology)|tissue]], [[Skeletal muscle|muscle group]], or [[Organ (biology)|organ]] of the body, causing a shortage of [[oxygen]] that is needed for [[cellular metabolism]] (to keep tissue alive).<ref>Merck & Co. [http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart_and_blood_vessel_disorders/peripheral_arterial_disease/occlusive_peripheral_arterial_disease.html#v722187 Occlusive Peripheral Arterial Disease], The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook website, revised and updated March 2010. Retrieved March 4, 2012.</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia (CLTI) – Vascular Cures|url=https://vascularcures.org/chronic-limb-threatening-ischemia-clti/|access-date=2021-10-27|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029044416/https://vascularcures.org/chronic-limb-threatening-ischemia-clti/|url-status=dead}}</ref>  Ischemia is generally caused by problems with [[blood vessel]]s, with resultant damage to or dysfunction of tissue, i.e., [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]] and [[microvascular dysfunction]].<ref>Zhai Y, Petrowsky H, Hong JC,  et al: Ischaemia-reperfusion injury in liver transplantation—From bench to bedside. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 10:79–89</ref><ref>Perico N, Cattaneo D, Sayegh MH, et al: Delayed graft function in kidney transplantation. Lancet 2004; 364:1814–1827</ref> It also implies local [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]] in a part of a body resulting from [[Vascular occlusion|constriction]] (such as [[vasoconstriction]], [[thrombosis]], or [[embolism]]). 

Ischemia causes not only insufficiency of oxygen but also reduced availability of [[nutrient]]s and inadequate removal of [[metabolic waste]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Scholar |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Cardiology%20Explained,%20London&publication_year=2004&author=E.A.%20Ashley&author=J.%20Niebauer |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> Ischemia can be partial (poor [[perfusion]]) or total blockage. The inadequate delivery of oxygenated blood to the organs must be resolved either by treating the cause of the inadequate delivery or reducing the oxygen demand of the system that needs it. For example, patients with myocardial ischemia have a decreased blood flow to the heart and are prescribed with medications that reduce [[chronotropic]] and [[Inotrope|inotropic effect]] to meet the new level of blood delivery supplied by the [[Stenosis|stenosed vasculature]] so that it is adequate.