Editing Jane Jacobs (section)

{{short description|American–Canadian journalist, author, and activist (1916–2006)}}
{{other people}}
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{{Infobox person
| image              = Jane Jacobs.jpg
| imagesize          = 
| caption            = Jacobs as chair of a [[Greenwich Village]] civic group at a 1961 press conference
| name               = Jane Jacobs
| honorific_suffix   = {{post-nominals|country=CAN|OC|OOnt|size=100%}}
| birth_name         = Jane Isabel Butzner
| birth_date         = {{birth date|df=y|1916|05|04}}
| birth_place        = [[Scranton, Pennsylvania]], US
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|df=y|2006|4|25|1916|5|4}}
| death_place        = [[Toronto]], Ontario, Canada
| occupation         = {{hlist | Journalist | author | [[urban studies|urban theorist]] | activist}}
| employer           = {{ubl | ''[[Amerika (magazine)|Amerika]]'' | ''[[Architectural Forum]]''}}
| notable_works      = {{ubl | ''[[The Death and Life of Great American Cities]]'' (1961) | ''[[Cities and the Wealth of Nations: Principles of Economic Life]]'' (1984)}}
| organization       = {{ubl | [[Joint Committee to Stop the Lower Manhattan Expressway]] | Stop Spadina Save Our City Coordinating Committee}}
<!-- deactivated influences/influenced pending a more representative (& less silly) list
|influences     = [[Saul Alinsky]], [[Benjamin Franklin]]<ref>"[http://www.economist.com/node/6910989?story_id=6910989 Jane Jacobs]", ''The Economist'', 11 May 2006.</ref>
|influenced     = [[Stephen Harper]]<ref>Allan Woods, "[https://www.thestar.com/article/173489 Jane Jacobs influenced me, Harper says]", ''The Star'', 22 January 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2012.</ref> -->
| awards             = [[Vincent Scully Prize]] (2000)
| spouse             = {{marriage|Robert Jacobs|1944}}
}}

'''Jane Isabel Jacobs'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/jane-isabel-jacobs | title=Jane Jacobs }}</ref> {{Post-nominals|country=CAN|OC|OOnt}} (''née'' '''Butzner'''; 4 May 1916 – 25 April 2006) was an American-Canadian journalist, author, theorist, and activist who influenced [[urban studies]], sociology, and economics.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Breske |first1=Ashleigh |last2=Hirt |first2=Sonia |title=Jacobs, Jane |journal=The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies |date=2019 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1002/9781118568446.eurs0461 |isbn=9781118568446}}</ref> Her book ''[[The Death and Life of Great American Cities]]'' (1961) argued that "[[urban renewal]]" and "[[Slum clearance in the United States|slum clearance]]" did not respect the needs of city-dwellers.<ref name="DMartin">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/25/books/jane-jacobs-urban-activist-is-dead-at-89.html|title=Jane Jacobs, Urban Activist, Is Dead at 89 |last=Douglas|first=Martin|date=26 April 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=17 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Death and Life of Great American Cities |last=Jacobs |first=Jane |page=138 |quote=If self-government in the place is to work, underlying any float of population must be a continuity of people who have forged neighborhood networks. These networks are a city's irreplaceable social capital. Whenever the capital is lost, from whatever cause, the income from it disappears, never to return until and unless new capital is slowly and chancily accumulated.}}</ref>

Jacobs organized [[grassroots]] efforts to protect neighborhoods from urban renewal and slum clearance, in particular plans by [[Robert Moses]] to overhaul her own [[Greenwich Village]] neighborhood. She was instrumental in the eventual cancellation of the [[Lower Manhattan Expressway]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/apr/30/citizen-jane-jacobs-the-woman-who-saved-manhattan-from-the-bulldozer-documentary|title=Street fighter: how Jane Jacobs saved New York from Bulldozer Bob|last=Wainwright|first=Oliver|date=30 April 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=22 January 2020|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> which would have passed directly through the area of Manhattan that would later become known as [[SoHo, Manhattan|SoHo]], as well as part of [[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]] and [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Chinatown]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3xqiMUC0WwC&pg=PA16|title=New York & Los Angeles: Politics, Society, and Culture|last=Halle|first=David|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|year=2003|page=16|isbn=9780226313702|quote=This ten-lane highway, to have been lined with huge apartment towers, would have cut Manhattan in two from east to west and wiped out the entire neighborhood that later became known as Soho and, also, much of neighboring Little Italy and Chinatown.}}</ref> She was arrested in 1968 for inciting a crowd at a public hearing on that project.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2017/04/jane-jacobs-citizen-jane-documentary|title=The Woman Who Saved New York City from Superhighway Hell|last=Lawson|first=Wayne|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=14 April 2017|language=en|access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref> After moving to Toronto in 1968, she joined the opposition to the [[Spadina Expressway]] and the associated [[Cancelled expressways in Toronto|network of expressways in Toronto]] that were planned and under construction.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kelly|first=Deirdre|date=26 April 2006|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/the-places-that-mattered-to-jane-jacobs/article707866/|title=The places that mattered to Jane Jacobs|work=The Globe and Mail|access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Milligan|first=Ian|date=2011|title='This Board Has a Duty to Intervene': Challenging the Spadina Expressway through the Ontario Municipal Board, 1963-1971|journal=Urban History Review / Revue d'histoire urbaine|volume=39|issue=2|pages=25–39|doi=10.7202/1003460ar|jstor=43562363|issn=0703-0428|doi-access=|s2cid=144671198 }}</ref>

Jacobs was often criticized as a woman and a writer who criticized experts in the male-dominated field of [[urban planning]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnston-Zimmerman |first=Katrina |date=19 December 2017 |title=Urban Planning Has a Sexism Problem |url=https://nextcity.org/features/view/urban-planning-sexism-problem |url-status=dead |access-date=22 January 2020 |website=nextcity.org |language=en |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109100324/https://nextcity.org/features/view/urban-planning-sexism-problem }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gratz |first=Roberta Brandes |date=16 November 2011 |title=Jane Jacobs and the Power of Women Planners |url=http://www.theatlanticcities.com/arts-and-lifestyle/2011/11/jane-jacobs-and-power-women-planners/502/ |url-status=dead |access-date=22 January 2020 |website=CityLab |language=en |archive-date=20 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320155455/http://www.theatlanticcities.com/arts-and-lifestyle/2011/11/jane-jacobs-and-power-women-planners/502/ }}</ref> Routinely, she was described first as a housewife,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Becoming Jane Jacobs|last=Laurence, Peter L.|isbn=978-0-8122-4788-6|location=Philadelphia|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|oclc=911518358|date = 21 January 2016}}</ref> as she did not have a [[college degree]] or any formal training in [[urban planning]]; as a result, her lack of credentials was seized upon as grounds for criticism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://centerforthelivingcity.org/janejacobs|title=Jane Jacobs|website=The Center for the Living City|language=en-US|access-date=11 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://globalurbanist.com/2011/05/24/the-death-and-life-of-jane-jacobs-critiques|title=The death and life of Jane Jacobs critiques|website=globalurbanist.com|last=Mould|first=Oli|date=24 May 2011 |language=en|access-date=11 March 2020}}</ref> The influence of her concepts eventually was acknowledged by highly respected professionals, such as [[Richard Florida]] and [[Robert Lucas Jr.|Robert Lucas]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Why Creativity is the New Economy – Richard Florida| date=26 September 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPX7gowr2vE|language=en|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>