Editing Jicarilla Apache (section)

{{Short description|Ethnic group of Native Americans}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group=Jicarilla Apache
|native_name={{native name|apj|Jicarilla Dindéi}}
|image=[[File:Jicarilla apache boy.jpg|180px|Young Jicarilla Apache boy, 2009]]
|caption=Young Jicarilla Apache boy, 2009
|population = 2,755<ref name="JA population" />
|popplace= {{USA}} ({{Flag|New Mexico}})
|langs=[[English language|English]], [[Jicarilla language|Jicarilla]]
|rels= [[Christianity]],<ref name="Pritzker15"/> traditional tribal religion, [[Native American Church]]
|related=Southern Athabaskan peoples<br />([[Chiricahua Apache]], [[Kiowa Apache]], [[Lipan Apache people|Lipan Apache]], [[Mescalero Apache]], [[Navajo people|Navajo]], [[Tonto Apache]], [[Western Apache]]){{#tag:ref|Kessel and Wooster identify the 8 related people, but break the Western Apache and Tonto further into bands: [[San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation|San Carlos]], [[Western Apache|Aravaipa, White Mountain, Cibicue]], [[Tonto Apache people|Northern Tonto, Southern Tonto]] - and include the [[Chiricahua|Mimbreno]], a band of the Chiricahua.<ref name=KesselWooster95>Kessel and Wooster, 95.</ref>|group=nb}}<ref name=KesselWooster95/>
}}
'''Jicarilla Apache''' ({{IPA|es|xikaˈɾiʝa|lang}}, [[Jicarilla language]]: '''Jicarilla Dindéi'''), one of several loosely organized autonomous bands of the Eastern [[Apache]], refers to the members of the '''Jicarilla Apache Nation''' currently living in [[New Mexico]] and speaking a [[Southern Athabaskan languages|Southern Athabaskan language]]. The term ''jicarilla'' comes from [[Mexican Spanish]] meaning "little basket",<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Jicarilla |volume=15 |page=414 |short=1}}</ref> referring to the small sealed baskets they used as drinking vessels. To neighboring Apache bands, such as the [[Mescalero]] and [[Lipan Apache people|Lipan]], they were known as ''Kinya-Inde'' ("People who live in fixed houses").

The Jicarilla called themselves also ''Haisndayin,'' translated as "people who came from below"<ref>Official Website of the Jicarilla Apache Nation - 
ABOUT THE JICARILLA APACHE NATION [https://janofficial.com/ janofficial.com/]</ref> because they believed themselves to be the sole descendants of the first people to emerge from the underworld. The underworld was the home of Ancestral Man and Ancestral Woman, who produced the first people. The Jicarilla believed ''Hascin'', their chief deity, created Ancestral Man and Ancestral Woman, as well as all the animals, the sun, and the moon.<ref>Morris Edward Opler, 1938, Myths and Tales of the Jicarilla Apache Indians: Memoirs of the American Folklore Society Vol. 31, 406 p. (Reprinted by Kraus Reprint Co., New York, 1969). (E99.J5 O6 1938a)</ref>

The Jicarilla Apache led a [[nomad|seminomadic]] existence in the [[Sangre de Cristo Mountains]] and the plains of southern [[Colorado]] and northern [[New Mexico]]. They also ranged into the [[Great Plains]] starting before 1525 [[Common Era|CE]]. For years, they lived a relatively peaceful life, traveling seasonally to traditional sites for [[Hunter-gatherer|hunting, gathering]], and [[agriculture|cultivation]] along [[river bed]]s. The Jicarilla learned about farming and pottery from the [[Puebloan peoples]] and about survival on the plains from the [[Plains Indians]]. Their diet and lifestyle were rich and varied. The Jicarilla's farming practices expanded to the point where they required considerable time and energy. As a result, the people became rather firmly settled and tended to engage in [[warfare]] less frequently than other Eastern Apache groups. Starting in the 1700s, the Jicarilla experienced encroachment by colonial [[New Spain]], pressure from other [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribes such as the [[Comanches]], and subsequent [[westward expansion]] of the [[United States]]. These factors led to significant loss of property, expulsion from their sacred lands, and relocation to lands unsuited for survival.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

The mid-1800s to the mid-1900s were particularly difficult for the Jicarilla. Their tribal bands were displaced, treaties were made and broken with them, and they experienced a significant loss of life due to [[tuberculosis]] and other diseases. Additionally, they lacked opportunities for survival. By 1887, they received their reservation, which was expanded in 1907 to include more suitable land for ranching and agriculture. Over several decades, they discovered the rich [[natural resources]] of the [[San Juan Basin]] beneath the reservation land.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Tribal members transitioned from a seminomadic lifestyle and are now supported by various industries on their reservation, including [[Petroleum industry|oil and gas]], [[casino]] gaming, [[forestry]], [[ranch]]ing, and [[tourism]]. The Jicarilla are renowned for their [[pottery]], [[basketry]],<ref name=EB1911/> and [[beadwork]].