Editing John Bardeen (section)

{{Short description|American solid-state physicist (1908–1991)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = John Bardeen
| honorific_suffix  = {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|ForMemRS|size=100%}}
| image             = Bardeen.jpg
| caption           = Bardeen in 1956
| birth_date        = {{Birth date|1908|05|23}}
| birth_place       = [[Madison, Wisconsin]], U.S.
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|1991|01|30|1908|05|23}}
| death_place       = [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], U.S.
| alma_mater        = {{Plain list|
* [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] ([[BSc]], 1928; [[MSc]], 1929)
* [[Princeton University]] ([[PhD]], 1936)
}}
| known_for         = {{Plain list|
* Inventing the [[point-contact transistor]] (1947)
* [[BCS theory]] (1957)
}}
| spouse            = {{Marriage|Jane Maxwell|1938}}
| children          = {{Flat list|
* [[James M. Bardeen|James]]
* [[William A. Bardeen|William]]
* Elizabeth<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8620751.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301073122/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8620751.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 1, 2016|title=Elizabeth Greytak, Systems Analyst|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|location=Boston|date=December 25, 2000|access-date=December 27, 2014}}</ref>
}}
| father            = [[Charles Russell Bardeen]]
| awards            = {{Plain list|
* [[Stuart Ballantine Medal]] (1952)
* [[Oliver E. Buckley Prize]] (1954)
* [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (1956, 1972)<ref name=nobelprizeorg>[http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1972/bardeen-bio.html Bardeen Biography from the Nobel Foundation]</ref>
* [[International Conference on Low Temperature Physics#Prizes|Fritz London Memorial Prize]] (1962)
* [[IEEE Medal of Honor]] (1971)
* [[Fellow of the Royal Society#Foreign member|ForMemRS]] (1973)<ref name=formemrs/>
* [[Franklin Medal]] (1975)
* {{No wrap|[[Lomonosov Gold Medal]] (1987)}}
* [[Harold Pender Award]] (1988)
}}
| honors            = [[File:USA Philadelphia Liberty Medal ribbon.svg|25px]] [[National Medal of Science]] (1965)
| fields            = [[Solid-state physics]]
| work_institutions = {{Plain list|
* [[Harvard University]] (1935–1938)
* [[University of Minnesota]] (1938–1941)
* [[Naval Ordnance Laboratory]] (1941–1945)
* [[Bell Labs]] (1945–1951)
* [[University of Illinois]] (1951–1975)
}}
| thesis_title      = Quantum Theory of the Work Function
| thesis_url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=FEkvGwAACAAJ
| thesis_year       = 1936
| doctoral_advisor  = [[Eugene Wigner]]<ref name=mathgene>{{MathGenealogy|id=42856}}</ref>
| academic_advisors = [[John Hasbrouck Van Vleck]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bardeen |first=J. |date=1980 |title=Reminiscences of Early Days in Solid State Physics |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2990278 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences |volume=371 |issue=1744 |pages=77–83 |doi=10.1098/rspa.1980.0059 |jstor=2990278 |bibcode=1980RSPSA.371...77B |s2cid=121788084 |issn=0080-4630|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
| doctoral_students = {{Plain list|
* [[Nick Holonyak]] (1954)<ref name="knightridder"/>
* [[William L. McMillan]] (1964)<ref name=mathgene/>
}}
| notable_students  = [[John Robert Schrieffer]]<ref name=mathgene/>
| footnotes         = He is the only person to have won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice.
}}

'''John Bardeen''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ɑr|ˈ|d|iː|n}}; May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991)<ref name=formemrs>{{Cite journal | last1 = Pippard | first1 = B. | author-link = Brian Pippard| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1994.0002 | title = John Bardeen. 23 May 1908–30 January 1991 | journal = [[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 39 | pages = 20–34| year = 1994 | s2cid = 121943831 }}</ref> was an American [[solid-state physicist]]. He is the only person to be awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] twice: first in 1956 with [[William Shockley]] and [[Walter Houser Brattain]] for their invention of the [[transistor]]; and again in 1972 with [[Leon Cooper]] and [[John Robert Schrieffer]] for their fundamental theory of [[superconductivity]], known as the [[BCS theory]].<ref name=nobelprizeorg/><ref>[[Lillian Hoddeson|Hoddeson, Lillian]] and Vicki Daitch. ''True Genius: the Life and Science of John Bardeen''. National Academy Press, 2002. {{ISBN|0-309-08408-3}}</ref>

Born and raised in [[Wisconsin]], Bardeen received a Ph.D. in physics from [[Princeton University]]. After serving in [[World War II]], he was a researcher at [[Bell Labs]] and a professor at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign|University of Illinois]].

The transistor revolutionized the [[electronics industry]], making possible the development of almost every modern electronic device, from [[telephone]]s to [[computer]]s, and ushering in the [[Information Age]]. Bardeen's developments in superconductivity—for which he was awarded his second Nobel Prize—are used in [[nuclear magnetic resonance]] spectroscopy (NMR), medical [[magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI), and superconducting quantum circuits. 

Bardeen is the first of only three people to have won multiple Nobel Prizes in the same category (the others being [[Frederick Sanger]] and [[Karl Barry Sharpless]] in chemistry), and one of five persons with [[:Category:Nobel laureates with multiple Nobel awards|two Nobel Prizes]]. In 1990, Bardeen appeared on ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine's list of "100 Most Influential Americans of the Century."<ref name="washpost">{{cite news |date=January 31, 1991 |title=John Bardeen, Nobelist, Inventor of Transistor, Dies |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1047095.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102062647/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1047095.html |archive-date=November 2, 2012 |access-date=August 3, 2007 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref>