Editing Jupiter (section)

{{Short description|Fifth planet from the Sun}}
{{About|the planet|the Roman god|Jupiter (god)|other uses}}
{{Good article}}
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{{Use Oxford spelling|date=November 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox planet
| name = Jupiter
| symbol = [[File:Jupiter symbol (bold).svg|24px|class=skin-invert|♃]]
| image = Jupiter_OPAL_2024.png
| image_alt = A full disk image of Jupiter taken by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope
| caption = Jupiter in true colour,{{efn|The light filters are 658 nm, 502 nm, and 395 nm,<ref>{{cite web | title=Jupiter OPAL 2024 | year=2024 | publisher=NASA | url=https://science.nasa.gov/asset/hubble/jupiter-opal-2024/ | access-date=2025-05-10 }}</ref> roughly corresponding to red, green and blue respectively}} taken by the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] in January 2024<ref group=lower-alpha name=caption>Jupiter's atmosphere and its appearance [[Atmosphere of Jupiter#Dynamics|constantly change]], and hence its current appearance today may not resemble what it was when this image was taken. Depicted in this image, however, are a few features that remain consistent, such as the famous [[Great Red Spot]], featured prominently in the lower right of the image, and the planet's recognisable banded appearance.</ref>
| background = Wheat
| named_after = [[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]]
| orbit_ref = <ref name="fact"/>
| epoch = [[J2000]]
| semimajor = {{Convert|778.479|e6km|AU|sigfig=5|abbr=unit|order=flip}}
| aphelion = {{Convert|816.363|e6km|AU|sigfig=5|abbr=unit|lk=on|order=flip}}
| perihelion = {{Convert|740.595|e6km|AU|sigfig=5|abbr=unit|order=flip}}
| time_periastron = January 21, 2023<ref name=horizons-perihelion>{{Cite web|url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27599%27&START_TIME=%272023-01-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272023-01-31%27&STEP_SIZE=%273%20hours%27&QUANTITIES=%2719%27|title=HORIZONS Planet-center Batch call for January 2023 Perihelion|website=ssd.jpl.nasa.gov|type=Perihelion for Jupiter's planet-centre (599) occurs on 2023-Jan-21 at 4.9510113au during a rdot flip from negative to positive|publisher=NASA/JPL|access-date=September 7, 2021|archive-date=September 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907235300/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27599%27&START_TIME=%272023-01-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272023-01-31%27&STEP_SIZE=%273%20hours%27&QUANTITIES=%2719%27|url-status=live}}</ref>
| eccentricity = {{val|0.0489}}
| inclination = {{plainlist|
* 1.303° to [[ecliptic]]<ref name="VSOP87"/>
* 6.09° to [[Sun]]'s [[equator]]<ref name="VSOP87"/>
* 0.32° to [[invariable plane]]<ref name=Souami_Souchay_2012/>
 }}
| asc_node = 100.464°
| arg_peri = 273.867°<ref name="VSOP87"/>
| mean_anomaly = 20.020°<ref name="VSOP87"/>
| period = {{plainlist |
* {{val|11.862|u=[[julian year (astronomy)|yr]]}}
* {{val|fmt=commas|4332.59|u=days}}
* {{val|fmt=commas|10476.8|u=Jovian [[solar day]]s}}<ref name="planet_years">{{cite web |url=http://cseligman.com/text/sky/rotationvsday.htm |title=Rotation Period and Day Length |last=Seligman |first=Courtney |access-date=August 13, 2009 |archive-date=September 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929010908/http://cseligman.com/text/sky/rotationvsday.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
 }}
| synodic_period = {{val|398.88|u=days}}
| avg_speed = {{val|13.06|u=km/s}}
| satellites = [[moons of Jupiter|97]] ({{as of|2025|lc=y}})<ref name="jplsats-disc"/>
| physical_ref = <ref name="fact"/><ref name="Seidelmann Archinal A'hearn et al. 2007">{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y |last1=Seidelmann |first1=P. Kenneth |last2=Archinal |first2=Brent A. |last3=A'Hearn<!-- written A'hearn here, mostly A'Hearn elsewhere --> |first3=Michael F. |last4=Conrad |first4=Albert R. |last5=Consolmagno |first5=Guy J. |last6=Hestroffer |first6=Daniel |last7=Hilton |first7=James L. |last8=Krasinsky |first8=Georgij A. |last9=Neumann |first9=Gregory A. |last10=Oberst | first10=Jürgen |last11=Stooke |first11=Philip J. |last12=Tedesco |first12=Edward F. |last13=Tholen |first13=David J. |last14=Thomas |first14=Peter C. |last15=Williams |first15=Iwan P. |year=2007 |title=Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006 |journal=Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=155–180 |bibcode=2007CeMDA..98..155S |doi-access=free |issn=0923-2958}}</ref><ref name="PS15">{{cite book |last1=de Pater |first1=Imke |last2=Lissauer |first2=Jack J. |title=Planetary Sciences |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stFpBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA250 |page=250 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-521-85371-2 |edition=2nd updated |access-date=August 17, 2016}}</ref>
| flattening = {{val|0.06487|fmt=commas}}
| equatorial_radius = {{val|71492|u=km}}<ref group=lower-alpha name=1bar>Refers to the level of 1 bar atmospheric pressure</ref>{{plainlist|
* {{val|11.209|u=× of [[Equatorial radius|Earth's]]}}
* {{val|0.10276|u=× of [[Solar radius|Sun's]]}}
}}
| polar_radius = {{val|66854|u=km}}<ref group=lower-alpha name=1bar/><br/>{{val|10.517|u=× of Earth's}}
| mean_radius = {{val|69911|u=km}}<ref group=lower-alpha name=1bar/><br/>{{val|10.973|u=× of Earth's}}
| surface_area = {{val|6.1469|e=10|u=km2}}<br/>{{val|120.4|u=× of [[Surface area of earth|Earth's]]}}
| volume = {{val|1.4313|e=15|u=km3}}<ref group=lower-alpha name=1bar/><br/>{{val|fmt=commas|1321|u=× of [[Volume of Earth|Earth's]]}}
| mass = {{val|1.8982|e=27|u=kg}}{{plainlist|
* {{val|317.8|u=× of [[Earth mass|Earth's]]}}
* {{val|0.00095|u=× of [[Solar mass|Sun's]]}}<ref name=ssd-constants>{{cite web |title=Astrodynamic Constants |publisher=JPL Solar System Dynamics |date=February 27, 2009 |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?constants |access-date=August 8, 2007 |archive-date=March 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321205811/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?constants |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
| density = {{val|1.326|u=g/cm3}}<ref group=lower-alpha name=1bar_b>Based on the volume within the level of 1 bar atmospheric pressure</ref>
| surface_grav = {{cvt|24.79|m/s2|g0|lk=on|disp=br}}<ref group=lower-alpha name=1bar/><ref name="nasafact">{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2011 |title=NASA: Solar System Exploration: Planets: Jupiter: Facts & Figures |url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Jupiter&Display=Facts |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905225941/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Jupiter&Display=Facts |archive-date=September 5, 2011 |access-date=October 15, 2024 |publisher=solarsystem.nasa.gov}}</ref>
| moment_of_inertia_factor = {{val|0.2756|0.0006}}<ref name="Ni2018">{{cite journal | last=Ni | first=D. | title=Empirical models of Jupiter's interior from Juno data | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume=613 | year=2018 | page=A32 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201732183 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2018A&A...613A..32N }}</ref>
| escape_velocity = {{val|59.5|u=km/s}}<ref group=lower-alpha name=1bar/>
| rotation = {{val|9.9258|u=hours}} (9 h 55&nbsp;m 33 s)<ref name="planet_years"/>
| sidereal_day = 9.9250 hours (9 h 55&nbsp;m 30 s)
| rot_velocity = {{val|12.6|u=km/s|}}
| axial_tilt = 3.13° (to orbit)
| right_asc_north_pole = 268.057°; {{RA|17|52|14}}<ref name="iau2015">{{Cite journal |last1=Archinal |first1=B. A. |last2=Acton |first2=C. H. |last3=A'Hearn |first3=M. F. |last4=Conrad |first4=A. |last5=Consolmagno |first5=G. J. |last6=Duxbury |first6=T. |last7=Hestroffer |first7=D. |last8=Hilton |first8=J. L. |last9=Kirk |first9=R. L. |last10=Klioner |first10=S. A. |last11=McCarthy |first11=D. |last12=Meech |first12=K. |last13=Oberst |first13=J. |last14=Ping |first14=J. |last15=Seidelmann |first15=P. K. |date=2018 |title=Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2015 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10569-017-9805-5 |journal=Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy |language=en |volume=130 |issue=3 |page=22 |doi=10.1007/s10569-017-9805-5 |bibcode=2018CeMDA.130...22A |issn=0923-2958}}</ref>
| declination = 64.495°<ref name="iau2015"/>
| albedo = {{ubl| 0.503 ([[Bond albedo|Bond]])<ref name="Li_et_al"/> | 0.538 ([[Geometric albedo|geometric]])<ref name="Mallama_et_al"/>}}
| magnitude = −2.94<ref name="Mallama_and_Hilton"/> to −1.66<ref name="Mallama_and_Hilton"/>
| abs_magnitude = −9.4<ref name="IMCCE">{{cite web | title=Encyclopedia - the brightest bodies | website=IMCCE | url=https://promenade.imcce.fr/en/pages5/572.html | access-date=May 29, 2023 | archive-date=July 24, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724225002/https://promenade.imcce.fr/en/pages5/572.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
| angular_size = 29.8" to 50.1"
| pronounced = {{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Jupiter.ogg|ˈ|dʒ|uː|p|ᵻ|t|ər}}<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=Jupiter |dictionary=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |publisher=Clarendon |first1=J. A. |last1=Simpson |first2=E. S. C. |last2=Weiner |edition=2nd |volume=8 |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-19-861220-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishdic00_0 }}</ref>
| adjectives = [[wikt:Jovian|Jovian]] ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|oʊ|v|i|ə|n}})
| single_temperature = {{cvt|88|K|C|0}} ([[Effective temperature|blackbody temperature]])
| temp_name1 = 1 [[bar (unit)|bar]]
| min_temp_1 = 
| mean_temp_1 = 165 [[Kelvin|K]]
| max_temp_1 = 
| temp_name2 = 0.1 bar
| min_temp_2 = 78 K
| mean_temp_2 = 128 K
| max_temp_2 = 
| atmosphere = yes
| atmosphere_ref = <ref name="fact"/>
| surface_pressure = {{convert|200-600|kPa|abbr=unit|sigfig=1}}<br/>(opaque cloud deck)<ref>{{cite journal | title=Jupiter's Deep Cloud Structure Revealed Using Keck Observations of Spectrally Resolved Line Shapes | last1=Bjoraker | first1=G. L. | last2=Wong | first2=M. H. | last3=de Pater | first3=I. | last4=Ádámkovics | first4=M. | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=810 | issue=2 | id=122 | pages=10 | date=September 2015 | doi=10.1088/0004-637X/810/2/122 | arxiv=1508.04795 | bibcode=2015ApJ...810..122B | s2cid=55592285 }}</ref>
| scale_height = {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=unit}}
| atmosphere_composition = {{Unbulleted indent list
| {{val|89|2.0|u=%}} [[hydrogen]]
| {{val|10|2.0|u=%}} [[helium]]
| {{val|0.3|0.1|u=%}} [[methane]]
| {{val|0.026|0.004|u=%}} [[ammonia]]
| {{val|0.0028|0.001|u=%}} [[hydrogen deuteride]]
| {{val|0.0006|0.0002|u=%}} [[ethane]]
| {{val|0.0004|0.0004|u=%}} [[water]]
}}
}}

'''Jupiter''' is the fifth [[planet]] from the [[Sun]] and the [[List of Solar System objects by size|largest in the Solar System]]. It is a [[gas giant]] with a [[Jupiter mass|mass]] more than 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the [[Solar System]] combined and slightly less than one-thousandth the mass of the Sun. Its diameter is 11 times that of [[Earth]] and a tenth that of the Sun. Jupiter orbits the Sun at a distance of {{Convert|778.479|Gm|AU|lk=on|adj=ri1|sigfig=3|abbr=unit|order=flip}}, with an [[orbital period]] of {{val|11.86|u=[[julian year (astronomy)|years]]}}. It is the [[List of brightest natural objects in the sky|third-brightest natural object]]<!-- artificial satellites can be much brighter (e.g., iridium flares) --> in the Earth's [[night sky]], after the [[Moon]] and [[Venus]], and has been observed since [[prehistoric times]]. Its name derives from that of [[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]], the chief deity of [[ancient Roman religion]].

Jupiter was the first of the Sun's planets to form, and its inward migration during the primordial phase of the Solar System affected much of the formation history of the other planets. [[Jupiter's atmosphere]] consists of 76% [[hydrogen]] and 24% [[helium]] by mass, with a denser interior. It contains trace elements and compounds like [[carbon]], [[oxygen]], [[sulfur]], [[neon]], [[ammonia]], [[water vapour]], [[phosphine]], [[hydrogen sulfide]], and [[hydrocarbon]]s. Jupiter's helium abundance is 80% of the Sun's, similar to [[Saturn]]'s composition.

The outer atmosphere is divided into a series of latitudinal bands, with turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries; the most obvious result of this is the [[Great Red Spot]], a giant storm that has been recorded since 1831. Because of its rapid rotation rate, one turn in ten hours, Jupiter is an [[oblate spheroid]]; it has a slight but noticeable 6.5%{{Efn|1=100 x (equatorial radius- polar radius)/(equatorial radius) = 100 x (71492-66854)/71492 = 6.487%.}} bulge around the equator compared to its poles. Its internal structure is believed to consist of an outer mantle of fluid [[metallic hydrogen]] and a diffuse inner core of denser material. The ongoing contraction of Jupiter's interior generates more heat than the planet receives from the Sun. Jupiter's [[magnetic field]] is the strongest and second-largest contiguous structure in the Solar System, generated by [[eddy current]]s within the fluid, metallic hydrogen core. The [[solar wind]] interacts with the [[magnetosphere]], extending it outward and affecting Jupiter's orbit.

At least [[Moons of Jupiter|97 moons]] orbit the planet; the [[Galilean moons|four largest moons]]—[[Io (moon)|Io]], [[Europa (moon)|Europa]], [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]], and [[Callisto (moon)|Callisto]]—orbit within the magnetosphere and are visible with common binoculars. Ganymede, the largest of the four, is larger than the planet [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]. Jupiter is surrounded by a faint system of [[planetary ring]]s. The [[rings of Jupiter]] consist mainly of dust and have three main segments: an inner [[torus]] of particles known as the halo, a relatively bright main ring, and an outer gossamer ring. The rings have a reddish colour in visible and near-infrared light. The age of the ring system is unknown, possibly dating back to Jupiter's formation.

In 1610 [[Galileo Galilei]] published the first telescopic study of Jupiter. Since 1973, Jupiter has been [[List of missions to the outer planets|visited by]] nine [[robotic spacecraft|robotic probes]]: seven [[Flyby (spaceflight)|flybys]] and two dedicated orbiters, with two more en route. [[Jupiter analogue|Jupiter-like exoplanets]] have also been found in other solar systems.