Editing Justinian I (section)

{{Short description|Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565 AD}}
{{Redirect|Justinian|the later emperor also called Justinian|Justinian II|other uses|Justinian (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title        = 
| image        = Mosaic of Justinianus I - Basilica San Vitale (Ravenna).jpg
| alt          = Mosaic of Flavius Justinian dressed in a royal purple chlamys and jeweled stemma
| caption      = Detail of a [[Byzantine mosaics|mosaic]] of Justinian in the [[Basilica of San Vitale]] in [[Ravenna]], AD 547
| succession   = [[Roman emperor]]
| reign        = 1 April 527 – 14 November 565
| reign-type   = [[Augustus (title)|''Augustus'']]
| coronation   = 1 April 527
| cor-type     = [[Coronation of the Byzantine emperor|Coronation]]
| predecessor  = [[Justin I]]
| successor    = [[Justin II]]
| regent       = Justin I (until 1 August 527)
| reg-type     = Co-emperor
| birth_name   = Petrus Sabbatius
| birth_date   = 482
| birth_place  = [[Tauresium]], [[Dardania (Roman province)|Dardania, Eastern Roman Empire]]<ref>[[J. B. Bury]] (2008) [1889] ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wDIJNvWb48YC&pg=PA7 History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene]'' '''II'''. Cosimo, Inc. {{ISBN|1605204056}},  p. 7.</ref>
| death_date   = 14 November 565 (aged 83)
| death_place  = [[Constantinople]], Eastern Roman Empire
| burial_place = [[Church of the Holy Apostles]]
| spouse       = [[Theodora (wife of Justinian I)|Theodora]] (m. 525; d. 548)
| issue        = 
| full name    = Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus
| regnal name  = [[Imperator]] [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]] [[Flavia gens#As an imperial title|Flavius]] Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus [[Augustus (title)|Augustus]]{{efn|The sole source for Justinian's full name are consular diptychs of the year 521, which refer to him as ''Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus''.{{sfn|PLRE}} The name ''Flavius'' became a [[courtesy title]] by the late 4th century and was no longer used as a personal name.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cameron|first=Alan|date=1988|title=Flavius: a Nicety of Protocol|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41540754|journal=Latomus|volume=47|issue=1|pages=26–33|jstor=41540754|access-date=9 August 2023|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307050740/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41540754|url-status=live}}</ref> Justinian's full titulature, as attested in his ''[[Institutes (Justinian)|Institutes]]'', was ''Imperator Caesar Flavius Iustinianus Alamannicus Gothicus Francicus Germanicus Anticus Alanicus Vandalicus Africanus pius felix inclitus victor ac triumphator semper Augustus'' (Emperor Caesar Flavius Justinian, [[victory title|victor over]] the [[Alamanni]], [[Goths]], [[Franks]], [[Ancient Germans|Germans]], [[Antes people|Antes]], [[Alans]], [[Vandals]], [[Vandalic War|Africans]]; pious, fortunate, renowned, victorious and triumphant, ever augustus)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abdy |first=John Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NR_-NWnIm4cC&pg=PR21 |title=The Institutes of Justinian |date=1876 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=21 |language= |author-link=John Thomas Abdy |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104230422/https://books.google.com/books?id=NR_-NWnIm4cC&pg=PR21 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| dynasty      = [[Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty|Justinian dynasty]]
| father       = Sabbatius (biological)<br/>Justin I (adoptive)
| mother       = Vigilantia
| religion     = [[Chalcedonian Christianity]]
| reign-type1  = [[Caesar (title)|''Caesar'']]
| reign1       = {{circa|525}} – 1 April 527
}}
{{Justinian dynasty}}
'''Justinian I'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|dʒ|ʌ|ˈ|s|t|ɪ|n|i|ə|n}} {{respell|just|IN|ee|ən}}}} ({{langx|la|Iustinianus}}, {{langx|grc|Ἰουστινιανός|Ioustinianós}};{{efn|{{IPA|la|justiɲaːnus|-|link=no}}; {{IPA|grc|i.ustini.aˈnos|-|link=no}}}}{{efn|{{langx|la|Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus|links=yes}}, {{IPA|la|ˈfɫaːwijus ˈpɛːtrus sabːaːtjus  justiɲaːnus|}}; {{langx|grc|Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ἰουστινιανός|Flábios Pétros Sabbátios Ioustinianós|links=yes}}, {{IPA|grc|ˈflavi.os ˈpetros savˈvati.os i.ustini.aˈnos|}}}} 482{{spnd}}14 November 565), also known as '''Justinian the Great''',{{efn|{{langx|la|Iūstīniānus Magnus|links=no}}, {{IPA|la|justiɲaːnus ˈmaːgnus|}}; {{langx|grc|Ἰουστινιανός ὁ Μέγας|Ioustinianós ho Mégas|links=no}}, {{IPA|grc|i.ustini.aˈnos o ˈmeɣas|}}.}} was [[Roman emperor]] from 527 to 565.

His reign was marked by the ambitious but only partly realized ''[[renovatio imperii]]'', or "restoration of the Empire".<ref>J. F. Haldon, ''Byzantium in the seventh century'' (Cambridge, 2003), 17–19.</ref> This ambition was expressed by the partial recovery of the territories of the defunct [[Western Roman Empire]].<ref>On the western Roman Empire, see now H. Börm, ''Westrom'' (Stuttgart 2013).</ref> His general, [[Belisarius]], swiftly conquered the [[Vandal Kingdom]] in North Africa. Subsequently, Belisarius, [[Narses]], and other generals [[Gothic War (535–554)|conquered]] the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]], restoring [[Dalmatia]], [[Sicily]], [[Italian peninsula|Italy]], and [[Rome]] to the empire after more than half a century of rule by the [[Ostrogoths]]. The [[Liberius (praetorian prefect)|praetorian prefect Liberius]] reclaimed the south of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], establishing the province of [[Spania]]. These campaigns re-established Roman control over the western Mediterranean, increasing the Empire's annual revenue by over a million ''[[solidi]]''.<ref name="tulane.edu" /> During his reign, Justinian also subdued the ''[[Zan people|Tzani]]'', a people on the east coast of the [[Black Sea]] that had never been under Roman rule before.<ref>Evans, J. A. S., ''The Age of Justinian: the circumstances of imperial power''. pp. 93–94</ref> He engaged the [[Sasanian Empire]] in the east during [[Kavad I]]'s reign, and later again during [[Khosrow I]]'s reign; this second conflict was partially initiated due to his ambitions in the west.

Justinian is regarded as one of the most prominent and influential Roman emperors, and historians have often characterized him as a workaholic who worked tirelessly to expand the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Woudhuysen |first=George |date=24 December 2023 |title=Restless zeal of the insomniac emperor |url=https://thecritic.co.uk/issues/december-january-2024/restless-zeal-of-the-insomniac-emperor/ |access-date=4 September 2024 |website=The Critic Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> One of the most enduring aspects of his legacy was the uniform rewriting of Roman law, the {{Lang|la|[[Corpus Juris Civilis]]}}, which was first applied throughout Continental Europe and is still the basis of [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]] in many modern states.<ref>John Henry Merryman and Rogelio Pérez-Perdomo, ''The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Europe and Latin America'', 3rd ed. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007), [https://books.google.com/books?id=6OJf9CbgKTkC&pg=PA9 pp. 9–11] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408231431/https://books.google.com/books?id=6OJf9CbgKTkC&pg=PA9 |date=8 April 2023 }}.</ref> His reign also marked a blossoming of [[Byzantine culture]], and his building program yielded works such as the [[Hagia Sophia]].