Editing Kalmar Union (section)

{{Short description|Personal union in Scandinavia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Kalmar Union
| native_name            = ''Kalmarunionen''
| common_name            = Kalmar Union
| era                    = Late Middle Ages
| status                 = State union
| status_text            = [[Personal union]]
| year_start             = 1397
| year_end               = 1523
| event_start            = Inception
| date_start             = 17 June
| event1                 = [[Engelbrekt rebellion]]
| date_event1            = 1434–1436
| event2                 = [[Stockholm Bloodbath]]
| date_event2            = November 1520
| event3                 = [[Gustav I of Sweden|Gustav Vasa]] elected as<br />King of Sweden
| date_event3            = 1523
| event_end              = [[Denmark-Norway]] was established.
| p1                     = History of Denmark#Middle Ages{{!}}Kingdom of Denmark
| flag_p1                = State Banner of Denmark (14th Century).svg
| p2                     = Kingdom of Norway (872–1397){{!}}Kingdom of Norway
| flag_p2                = Royal Banner of Norway (14th Century).svg
| p3                     = History of Sweden (800–1521)#Middle Ages{{!}}Kingdom of Sweden
| flag_p3                = Royal Banner of Sweden (14th Century).svg
| s1                     = Denmark–Norway
| flag_s1                = Royal Standard of Denmark (1731–1819).svg
| s2                     = History of Sweden (1523–1611){{!}}Kingdom of Sweden
| flag_s2                = Flag of Sweden (1562–1650).svg
| image_coat             = 
| symbol_type            = 
| image_map              = Kalmar Union ca. 1400.svg
| image_map_caption      = The Kalmar Union, {{circa|1400}}
| coordinates            = {{coord|55|40|N|12|34|E|type:country_source:kolossus-ukwiki|display=title,inline}}
| common_languages       = {{plainlist|
* Official use: [[Middle Danish]], [[Old Swedish]], [[Middle Norwegian]], [[Renaissance Latin]]
* Also spoken: [[Middle Icelandic]], [[Faroese language#Old Faroese|Old Faroese]], [[Norn language|Norn]], [[Greenlandic Norse]], [[Middle Low German]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Sami languages|Sami]], [[Greenlandic language|Greenlandic]], [[Karelian language|Karelian]]
}}
| capital                = {{plainlist|
*None (''[[de jure]]'')
*[[Copenhagen]] (''[[de facto]]'')}}{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}
| religion               = 
| government_type        = [[Personal union]]
| title_leader           = [[List of Kalmar Union monarchs|Monarch]]
| leader1                = [[Eric of Pomerania]] (first)
| year_leader1           = 1397–1442{{smallsup|a}}
| leader2                = [[Christian II of Denmark|Christian II]] (last)
| year_leader2           = 1513–23{{smallsup|b}}
| currency               = [[Mark (money)|Mark]], [[Örtug]], [[Norwegian penning]], [[Swedish penning]]
| legislature            = ''[[Riksråd]]'' and ''Herredag''<br />(one in each kingdom)
| footnote_a             = Margaret I ruled Denmark 1387–1412, Norway 1388–1389, and Sweden 1389–1412
| footnote_b             = Christian II ruled Denmark and Norway 1513–1523; Sweden 1520–1521
| demonym                = 
| area_km2               = 2839386
| area_rank              = 
| GDP_PPP                = 
| GDP_PPP_year           = 
| HDI                    = 
| HDI_year               = 
}}
{{Scandinavia|History}}

The '''Kalmar Union'''{{efn|[[Danish language|Danish]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], and {{langx|sv|Kalmarunionen}}; {{langx|fi|Kalmarin unioni}}; {{langx|is|Kalmarsambandið}}; {{langx|la|Unio Calmariensis}}}} was a [[personal union]]<!-- Election of Christian II as king was 1513 in Denmark and Norway, 1520 in Sweden --> in [[Scandinavia]], agreed at [[Kalmar]] in [[Sweden]] as designed by Queen [[Margaret I of Denmark|Margaret]] of Denmark. From 1397 to 1523,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gustafsson |first=Harald |date=September 2006 |title=A STATE THAT FAILED?: On the Union of Kalmar, Especially its Dissolution |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03468750600930720 |journal=Scandinavian Journal of History |language=en |volume=31 |issue=3–4 |pages=205–220 |doi=10.1080/03468750600930720 |issn=0346-8755|url-access=subscription }}</ref> it joined under a single monarch the three kingdoms of [[Denmark]], [[Sweden]] (then including much of present-day [[Finland]]), and [[Norway]], together with [[List of possessions of Norway#Former dependencies and homelands|Norway's overseas colonies]]{{efn|Norway retained none of its prior possessions, but Christian I pledged the [[Northern Isles]] to [[Scotland]] as insurance for his daughter's dowry in 1468; the dowry was not paid, and the islands transferred to perpetual Scottish sovereignty in 1470. After the Union's dissolution, all remaining overseas possessions Norway brought into the Union became property of the Danish monarch, who retained ownership following the transfer of the Kingdom of Norway from the Danish crown to Swedish crown (discussed in further detail below) after the [[Napoleonic Wars]].}} (then including [[Iceland]], [[Greenland]],{{efn|Nominal possession: Norway claimed suzerainty over the island prior to the Union's formation, but it had long since ceased exercising any administrative control over the European settlements there. No direct contact took place between Greenland and the Kalmar Union during the latter's existence.}} the [[Faroe Islands]], and the [[Northern Isles]] of [[Orkney]] and [[Shetland]]).

The union was not quite continuous; there were several short interruptions. Legally, the countries remained separate [[sovereign state]]s, but their domestic and foreign policies were directed by a common monarch. [[Gustav Vasa]]'s election as King of Sweden on 6 June 1523, and his triumphant [[Conquest of Stockholm|entry into Stockholm]] 11 days later, marked Sweden's final secession from the Kalmar Union.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sampson |first=Anastacia |title=Swedish Monarchy – Gustav Vasa |url=https://www.sweden.org.za/swedish-monarchy-gustav-vasa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814170402/https://www.sweden.org.za/swedish-monarchy-gustav-vasa.html |archive-date=14 August 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018 |publisher=sweden.org.za o}}</ref> The Danish king formally renounced his claim to Sweden in 1524 at the [[Treaty of Malmö]].