Editing Keypunch (section)

{{Short description|Device for punching holes into paper cards}}
{{For |the device used to cut door keys, etc.|Key duplication}}
[[File:IBM 026 from above.mw.jpg|thumb|IBM 026 Keypunch|alt=]][[File:SocialSecurity.cardpunching.ssa.jpg|thumb|Keypunch operators at work at the U.S. [[Social Security Administration]] in the 1940s]]
[[File:NOLAPunchCards1938.jpg|right|thumb|Operators compiling hydrographic data for navigation charts on punch cards using the IBM Type 016 Electric Duplicating Key Punch, [[New Orleans]], 1938]]

A '''keypunch''' is a device for precisely punching holes into stiff paper cards at specific locations as determined by keys struck by a human operator.  Other devices included here for that same function include the gang punch, the pantograph punch, and the stamp. The term was also used for similar machines used by humans to transcribe data onto [[punched tape]] media.

For [[Jacquard loom]]s, the resulting punched cards were joined together to form a paper tape, called a "chain", containing a [[Program (machine)|program]] that, when read by a loom, directed its operation.<ref name=Bell>Bell, T.F. (1895) '' Jacquard Weaving and Designing'', Longmans, Green And Co.</ref><!-- a separate paragraph as the following text does not apply to Jacquard cards -->

For [[Unit record equipment|Hollerith machines]] and other [[Unit record equipment|unit record machines]] the resulting [[punched card]]s contained [[Data (computing)|data]] to be processed by those machines. For computers equipped with a [[punched card input/output]] device the resulting punched cards were either data or programs directing the computer's operation.

Early Hollerith keypunches were manual devices.  Later keypunches were electromechanical devices which combined several functions in one unit. These often resembled small desks with [[Alphanumeric keyboard|keyboard]]s similar to those on typewriters and were equipped with hoppers for blank cards and stackers for punched cards. Some keypunch models could print, at the top of a column, the character represented by the hole(s) punched in that column. The small pieces punched out by a keypunch fell into a [[Chad (paper)|''chad'']] ''box'',<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KPC7AAAAIAAJ&q=chad+box+ Business automation, Volume 19, Hitchcock Pub. Co., 1972 p.38]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=-90EAQAAIAAJ&q=chad+box+ Electronic Design, Volume 22, Issues 19-22, Hayden Pub. Co., 1974, pp.79, 195]</ref> or (at [[IBM]]) ''chip box'', or ''[[bit bucket]]''.

In many [[data processing]] applications, the punched cards were verified by keying exactly the same data a second time, checking to see if the second keying and the punched data were the same (known as [[two pass verification]]).  There was a great demand for '''keypunch operators''', usually women,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041220163159/http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/waywewore/waywewore_8.html IBM Archive: Keypunch operators, 1934, Stockholm]</ref> who worked full-time on keypunch and verifier machines, often in large '''keypunch departments''' with dozens or hundreds of other operators, all performing [[data entry clerk|data input]].
  
In the 1950s, [[Remington Rand]] introduced the [[UNITYPER]], which enabled [[data entry clerk|data entry]] directly to [[magnetic tape]] for [[UNIVAC]] systems. [[Mohawk Data Sciences]] subsequently produced an improved magnetic tape encoder in 1965, which was somewhat successfully marketed as a keypunch replacement. The rise of microprocessors and inexpensive computer terminals led to the development of additional '''key-to-tape''' and '''key-to-disk''' systems from smaller companies such as [[Inforex 1300 Systems|Inforex]] and [[Pertec Computer|Pertec]].<ref>{{cite book | editor-last = Aspray |editor-first = W. | title = Computing before Computers |publisher = Iowa State University Press | year = 1990  | isbn =  0-8138-0047-1| page = 151 }}</ref>

Keypunches and punched cards were still commonly used for both data and program entry through the 1970s but were rapidly made obsolete by changes in the entry paradigm and by the availability of inexpensive CRT [[computer terminal]]s. Eliminating the step of transferring punched cards to tape or disk (with the added benefit of saving the cost of the cards themselves) allowed for improved checking and correction during the entry process. The development of [[video display terminal]]s, interactive [[Time-sharing|timeshared system]]s and, later, [[personal computer]]s allowed those who originated the data or program to enter it directly instead of writing it on forms to be entered by keypunch operators.