Editing King crab (section)

{{Short description|Family of anomuran crustaceans}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = King crabs
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Early Miocene | Recent}}
| image = Spiny_king_crab_md.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Paralithodes californiensis]]''
| display_parents = 3
| parent_authority = Samouelle, 1819
| taxon = Lithodidae
| authority = [[George Samouelle|Samouelle]], 1819
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision_ref = <ref name="Grave">{{cite journal|journal=[[The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology]] |year=2009 |volume=Suppl. 21 |pages=1–109 |title=A classification of living and fossil genera of decapod crustaceans |last1=De Grave |first1=Sammy |last2=Pentcheff |first2=N. Dean |last3=Ahyong |first3=Shane T. |author-link3=Shane T. Ahyong |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s21/s21rbz1-109.pdf |display-authors=etal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606064728/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s21/s21rbz1-109.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-06 }}</ref>
| subdivision =
'''Hapalogastrinae''' {{small|[[Johann Friedrich von Brandt|Brandt]], 1850}}
{{Linked genus list
| Acantholithodes | Holmes, 1895
| Dermaturus | [[Johann Friedrich von Brandt|Brandt]], 1850
| Hapalogaster | [[Johann Friedrich von Brandt|Brandt]], 1850
| Oedignathus | Benedict, 1895
| Placetron | Schalfeew, 1892
}}
'''Lithodinae''' {{small|Samouelle, 1819}}
{{Linked genus list
| Cryptolithodes | [[Johann Friedrich von Brandt|Brandt]], 1848
| Echidnocerus | White, 1842{{efn|name=de Grave & Ahyong 2022}}
| Glyptolithodes | [[Walter Faxon|Faxon]], 1895
| Lithodes | [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1806
| Neolithodes | [[Alphonse Milne-Edwards|A. Milne-Edwards]] & Bouvier, 1894
| Paralithodes | [[Johann Friedrich von Brandt|Brandt]], 1848
| Paralomis | White, 1856
| Phyllolithodes | [[Johann Friedrich von Brandt|Brandt]], 1848
| Rhinolithodes | [[Johann Friedrich von Brandt|Brandt]], 1848
| Sculptolithodes | Makarov, 1934
}}}}

'''King crabs''' or '''stone crabs''' are marine [[Decapoda|decapod]] [[crustacean]]s of the [[family (biology)|family]] '''Lithodidae'''{{Efn|Collectively referred to as "lithodids".{{sfn|Poore|Ahyong|2023|p=311}}}} that are chiefly found in deep waters and are adapted to cold environments.{{sfn|Poore|Ahyong|2023|p=311}}<ref name="Hall & Thatje 2009">{{Cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=Sally |last2=Thatje |first2=Sven |date=October 2009 |title=Global bottlenecks in the distribution of marine Crustacea: temperature constraints in the family Lithodidae |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/65000/1/Hall_JBiogeogr_09.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Journal of Biogeography]] |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=2125–2135 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02153.x |bibcode=2009JBiog..36.2125H |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529044259/https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/65000/1/Hall_JBiogeogr_09.pdf |archive-date=29 May 2023}}</ref> They are composed of two subfamilies: '''Lithodinae''', which tend to inhabit deep waters, are globally distributed, and comprise the majority of the family's species diversity;<ref name="Hall & Thatje 2009" /><ref name="Noever & Glenner 2017" /> and '''Hapalogastrinae''', which are endemic to the North Pacific and inhabit exclusively shallow waters.<ref name="Hall & Thatje 2009" /> King crabs superficially resemble true [[crab]]s but are generally understood to be closest to the [[Paguridae|pagurid hermit crabs]].{{sfn|Poore|Ahyong|2023|pp=311–312}}<ref name="Noever & Glenner 2017">{{Cite journal|last1=Noever|first1=Christoph|last2=Glenner|first2=Henrik|date=2017-07-05|title=The origin of king crabs: hermit crab ancestry under the magnifying glass|url=http://macroecointern.dk/pdf-reprints/Noever_ZJLS_2018.pdf|url-status=live|journal=[[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society]]|volume=182|issue=2|pages=300–318|doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx033|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716022005/http://macroecointern.dk/pdf-reprints/Noever_ZJLS_2018.pdf|archive-date=2019-07-16|via=the [[University of Copenhagen]]}}</ref><ref name="Ahyong 2010"/> This placement of king crabs among the hermit crabs is supported by several anatomical peculiarities which are present only in king crabs and hermit crabs, making them a prominent example of [[carcinisation]] among [[Decapod|decapods]].<ref name="Keiler">{{cite journal |last1=Keiler |first1=Jonas |last2=Richter |first2=Stefan |last3=Wirkner |first3=Christian S. |date=2013-03-19 |title=Evolutionary morphology of the hemolymph vascular system in hermit and king crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomala) |journal=[[Journal of Morphology]] |volume=274 |issue=7 |pages=759–778 |doi=10.1002/jmor.20133 |pmid=23508935 |s2cid=24458262}}</ref> Several species of king crabs, especially in [[Alaska]]n and southern [[South America]]n waters, are targeted by [[commercial fishing|commercial fisheries]] and have been subject to [[overfishing]].{{sfn|Poore|Ahyong|2023|p=311}}<ref name="Dvoretsky & Dvoretsky 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Dvoretsky |first1=Alexander G. |last2=Dvoretsky |first2=Vladimir G. |date=November 2017 |title=Red king crab (''Paralithodes camtschaticus'') fisheries in Russian waters: historical review and present status |journal=Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=331–353 |doi=10.1007/s11160-017-9510-1 |issn=0960-3166}}</ref><ref name="Klaus et al. 2004"/>