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Lamniformes
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{{Short description|Order of sharks}} {{Automatic taxobox | fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Early Cretaceous|present|earliest=Bathonian}}Possible [[Late Jurassic]] record if ''[[Palaeocarcharias]]'' is a lamniform | image = White shark.jpg | image_caption = [[Great white shark]], ''Carcharodon carcharias'' | display_parents = 3 | taxon = Lamniformes | authority = [[Leo S. Berg|L. S. Berg]], 1958 | subdivision_ranks = Families | subdivision = See text }} The '''Lamniformes''' ({{IPAc-en|'|l|ae|m|n|ᵻ|f|ɔr|m|iː|z}}, from Greek ''lamna'' "fish of prey") are an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[shark]]s commonly known as '''mackerel sharks''' (which may also refer specifically to the family [[Lamnidae]]). It includes some of the most familiar species of sharks, such as the [[great white shark|great white]]<ref name=":3" /> as well as less familiar ones, such as the [[goblin shark]] and [[megamouth shark]]. Members of the order are distinguished by possessing two [[dorsal fin]]s, an [[anal fin]], five [[gill|gill slits]], eyes without [[nictitating membrane]]s, and a mouth extending behind the eyes. Species in two families of Lamniformes – Lamnidae and Alopiidae – are distinguished for maintaining a higher body temperature than the surrounding waters.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Donley|first1=Jeanine M.|last2=Sepulveda|first2=Chugey A.|last3=Aalbers|first3=Scott A.|last4=McGillivray|first4=David G.|last5=Syme|first5=Douglas A.|last6=Bernal|first6=Diego|date=2012-04-13|title=Effects of temperature on power output and contraction kinetics in the locomotor muscle of the regionally endothermic common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus)|journal=Fish Physiology and Biochemistry|volume=38|issue=5|pages=1507–1519|doi=10.1007/s10695-012-9641-1|pmid=22527612|bibcode=2012FPBio..38.1507D |s2cid=1100494|issn=0920-1742}}</ref> Members of the group include [[Macro-predator|macropredators]], generally of medium-large size, including the largest macropredatory shark ever, the extinct ''[[Otodus megalodon]],'' as well as large [[planktivore]]s.<ref name=":1" /> Although some authors have argued that the Late Jurassic ''[[Palaeocarcharias]]'' should be considered the oldest known lamniform, this is disputed. The earliest unambiguous records of lamniformes are from the Early Cretaceous.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Villalobos-Segura |first1=Eduardo |last2=Stumpf |first2=Sebastian |last3=Türtscher |first3=Julia |last4=Jambura |first4=Patrick L. |last5=Begat |first5=Arnaud |last6=López-Romero |first6=Faviel A. |last7=Fischer |first7=Jan |last8=Kriwet |first8=Jürgen |date=March 2023 |title=A Synoptic Review of the Cartilaginous Fishes (Chondrichthyes: Holocephali, Elasmobranchii) from the Upper Jurassic Konservat-Lagerstätten of Southern Germany: Taxonomy, Diversity, and Faunal Relationships |journal=Diversity |language=en |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=386 |doi=10.3390/d15030386 |doi-access=free |pmid=36950327 |pmc=7614348 |bibcode=2023Diver..15..386V |issn=1424-2818}}</ref> Lamniformes underwent a major [[adaptive radiation]] during the [[Cretaceous]] and became prominent elements of oceanic ecosystems.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Jambura |first1=Patrick L. |last2=Stumpf |first2=Sebastian |last3=Kriwet |first3=Jürgen |date=2021-09-01 |title=Skeletal remains of the oldest known pseudocoracid shark Pseudocorax kindlimanni sp. nov. (Chondrichthyes, Lamniformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Lebanon |url= |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=125 |pages=104842 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104842 |issn=0195-6671 |pmc=7611798 |doi-access=free|pmid=34642522 |bibcode=2021CrRes.12504842J }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Underwood |first=Charlie J. |date=March 2006 |title=Diversification of the Neoselachii (Chondrichthyes) during the Jurassic and Cretaceous |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1666/04069.1 |journal=Paleobiology |language=en |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=215–235 |doi=10.1666/04069.1 |bibcode=2006Pbio...32..215U |s2cid=86232401 |issn=0094-8373}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Shimada |first1=Kenshu |last2=Becker |first2=Martin A. |last3=Griffiths |first3=Michael L. |date=2021-11-02 |title=Body, jaw, and dentition lengths of macrophagous lamniform sharks, and body size evolution in Lamniformes with special reference to 'off-the-scale' gigantism of the megatooth shark, Otodus megalodon |url=|journal=Historical Biology |language=en |volume=33 |issue=11 |pages=2543–2559 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2020.1812598 |bibcode=2021HBio...33.2543S |s2cid=224935604 |issn=0891-2963}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Guinot |first1=Guillaume |last2=Adnet |first2=Sylvain |last3=Cappetta |first3=Henri |date=2012-09-05 |editor-last=MacKenzie |editor-first=Brian R. |title=An Analytical Approach for Estimating Fossil Record and Diversification Events in Sharks, Skates and Rays |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=e44632 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0044632 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3434181 |pmid=22957091|bibcode=2012PLoSO...744632G |doi-access=free }}</ref> They reached their highest diversity during the Late Cretaceous, but severely declined during the [[K-Pg Extinction|K-Pg extinction]], before rebounding to a high but lower diversity peak during the [[Paleogene]]. Lamniformes have severely declined over the last 20 million years, with only 15 species alive today, compared to over 290 extant species in the [[Carcharhiniformes]], which have evolved into medium and large body sizes during the same timeframe. The causes of the decline are uncertain, but are likely to have involved both [[Biological interaction|biotic]] factors like competition and non-biotic factors like temperature and sea level.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bazzi |first1=Mohamad |last2=Campione |first2=Nicolás E. |last3=Kear |first3=Benjamin P. |last4=Pimiento |first4=Catalina |last5=Ahlberg |first5=Per E. |date=2021-12-06 |title=Feeding ecology has shaped the evolution of modern sharks |journal=Current Biology |language=English |volume=31 |issue=23 |pages=5138–5148.e4 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.028 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=34614390|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021CBio...31E5138B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Condamine |first1=Fabien L. |last2=Romieu |first2=Jules |last3=Guinot |first3=Guillaume |date=2019-10-08 |title=Climate cooling and clade competition likely drove the decline of lamniform sharks |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=116 |issue=41 |pages=20584–20590 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1902693116 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6789557 |pmid=31548392|bibcode=2019PNAS..11620584C |doi-access=free }}</ref>
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