Editing Langkasuka (section)

{{Short description|Ancient Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in Southeast Asia}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| conventional_long_name = Langkasuka
| common_name            = Langkasuka
| native_name            = 
| religion               = [[Hindu]]-[[Buddhist]]
| p1                     = 
| s1                     = Pattani Kingdom
| flag_s1                = 
| year_start             = 2nd century
| year_end               = 15th century
| date_start             = 
| date_end               = 
| image_flag             = 
| image_coat             = 
| symbol_type            = 
| image_map              = Possible extent of the Langkasuka kingdom.svg
| image_map_caption      = Possible extent of the Langkasuka kingdom
| capital                = 
| common_languages       = 
| government_type        = Monarchy
| title_leader           = Raja
| leader1                = [[Merong Mahawangsa]]
| year_leader1           = 
| leader2                = [[Bhagadatta (Langkasuka)|Bhagadatta]]
| currency               = 
| today                  = [[Malaysia]]<br />[[Thailand]]
}}{{History of Thailand}}{{History of Malaysia}}
'''Langkasuka''' was an ancient Malay<ref>Ginsburg, N. S. (1958). [https://books.google.com.my/books?id=KoTX0Rpc5KIC&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=langkasuka Malaya], by Norton Ginsburg and Chester F. Roberts, Jr., with the collabora. (n.p.): (n.p.). – via Google Books</ref><ref>[https://www.google.com.my/books/edition/Armed_Separatism_in_Southeast_Asia/3ld5AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=malay%20kingdom%20of%20langkasuka&dq=malay%20kingdom%20of%20langkasuka&printsec=frontcover Armed Separatism in Southeast Asia]. (1984). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. – via Google Books</ref><ref>Rand, N. (2015). [https://www.google.com.my/books/edition/Conflict/fiMYBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover&bsq=malay%20kingdom%20of%20langkasuka. Conflict: Journeys through war and terror in southeast Asia]. Ireland: Maverick House Publishers.</ref><ref>[https://www.google.com.my/books/edition/Proceedings_of_The_6th_MAC_2016/hX-TCwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover&bsq=Malay%20kingdom%20of%20Langkasuka Proceedings of The 6th MAC 2016]. (2016). (n.p.): MAC Prague consulting. – via Google Books</ref> Hindu-Buddhist kingdom located in the [[Malay Peninsula]] (in modern-day [[Thailand]]).<ref name=guy /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hX-TCwAAQBAJ&dq=langkasuka+malay+kingdom&pg=PA211 |title=Proceedings of The 6th MAC 2016 |collaboration=Academic Conferences Association, z.s. |date=2016-02-16 |publisher=MAC Prague consulting |isbn=978-80-88085-05-8 |page=211 |language=en}}</ref> Langkasuka flourished from the 2nd century to the 15th century as the oldest kingdom in the Malay Peninsula, believed to have been established by descendants of [[Ashoka the Great]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ringmar |first=Erik |url=http://archive.org/details/oapen-20.500.12657-24805 |title=History of International Relations - A Non-European Perspective |date=2019 |language=English |quote=Langkasuka, 200s-1500s, the oldest kingdom in the Malay Peninsula thought to have been created by descendants of Ashoka the Great. Mixing Hindu, Buddhist and Malay culture..}}</ref> The name is [[Sanskrit]] in origin; it is thought to be a combination of ''langkha'' for "resplendent land" <ref>J. Dodiya, Critical Perspectives on the Rāmāyaṇa, Sarup & Sons, 2001, p. 166-181</ref>-''[[Sukha|sukkha]]'' for "bliss".<ref>https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=sukha&dir=se</ref> The kingdom, along with [[Early History of Kedah|Old Kedah]], is among the earliest kingdoms founded on the Malay Peninsula. The exact location of the kingdom is of some debate, but archaeological discoveries at [[Yarang District|Yarang]] near [[Pattani, Thailand]] suggest a probable location. The kingdom is proposed to have been established in the [[1st century]], perhaps between 80 and 100 AD.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grabowsky |first=Volker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FnuGAyNT2bUC&dq=langkasuka+1st+century&pg=PA195 |title=Regions and National Integration in Thailand, 1892-1992 |date=1995 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-03608-5 |language=en}}</ref>

According to the legend given in the ''[[Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa|Kedah Annals]]'', the kingdom was founded and named by [[Merong Mahawangsa]]. Another proposal suggests that the name may have been derived from ''langkha'' and [[Ashoka]], the [[Mauryan]] Hindu warrior king who eventually became a pacifist after embracing the ideals espoused in Buddhism, and that the early Indian colonizers of the Malayic Isthmus named the kingdom Langkasuka in his honour.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor = 41560480 |title=Langkasuka The Island of Asoka |author=W. Linehan |journal=Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume= 21|issue= 1 (144) |date=April 1948|pages= 119–123 }}</ref> Chinese historical sources provided some information on the kingdom and recorded a king [[Bhagadatta (Langkasuka)|Bhagadatta]] who sent envoys to the Chinese court.