Editing Limnology (section)

{{Short description|Science of inland aquatic ecosystems}}
[[File:Lake Hawea, New Zealand.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Lake Hāwea]], New Zealand]]

'''Limnology''' ({{IPAc-en|l|ɪ|m|ˈ|n|ɒ|l|ə|dʒ|i}} {{respell|lim|NOL|ə|jee}}; {{etymology|grc|''{{Wikt-lang|grc|λίμνη}}'' ({{grc-transl|λίμνη}})|lake||''{{Wikt-lang|grc|-λογία}}'' ({{grc-transl|[[-logy|-λογία]]}})|study of}}) is the study of inland [[aquatic ecosystems]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIw76nEh0aoC&q=limnology+definition&pg=PR11 |title=Fundamentals of Limnology |last=Kumar|first=Arvind |date=2005 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=9788176489195}}</ref> 
It includes aspects of the [[biology|biological]], [[chemistry|chemical]], [[physics|physical]], and [[geology|geological]] characteristics of [[fresh water|fresh]] and [[saline water|saline]], natural and man-made [[body of water|bodies of water]]. This includes the study of [[lake]]s, [[reservoir]]s, [[pond]]s, [[river]]s, [[Spring (hydrosphere)|springs]], [[stream]]s, [[wetland]]s, and [[groundwater]].<ref name="Wetzel" >{{cite book |last=Wetzel|first=R. G. |year=2001 |title=Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems |edition=3rd |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=0-12-744760-1}}){{page needed|date=December 2020}}</ref> Water systems are often categorized as either running ([[river ecosystem|lotic]]) or standing ([[lake ecosystem|lentic]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marsh|first1=G. Alex |chapter=Lentic and lotic ecosystems |date=1999 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4494-1_204 |title=Environmental Geology |pages=381–388 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/1-4020-4494-1_204 |isbn=978-1-4020-4494-6 |access-date=2022-04-21 |last2=Fairbridge|first2=Rhodes W.}}</ref>

Limnology includes the study of the drainage basin, movement of water through the basin and biogeochemical changes that occur en route. A more recent sub-discipline of limnology, termed [[landscape limnology]], studies, manages, and seeks to conserve these [[ecosystem]]s using a landscape perspective, by explicitly examining connections between an aquatic ecosystem and its [[drainage basin]]. Recently, the need to understand global inland waters as part of the [[Earth system science|Earth system]] created a sub-discipline called global limnology.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Downing|first1=John A. |title=Global limnology: up-scaling aquatic services and processes to planet Earth |journal=SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 |date=January 2009 |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=1149–1166 |doi=10.1080/03680770.2009.11923903 |bibcode=2009SILP...30.1149D |s2cid=131488888}}</ref> This approach considers processes in inland waters on a global scale, like the role of inland aquatic ecosystems in global [[biogeochemical cycle]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cole |first1=J. J. |last2=Prairie |first2=Y. T. |last3=Caraco |first3=N. F. |last4=McDowell |first4=W. H. |last5=Tranvik |first5=L. J. |last6=Striegl |first6=R. G. |last7=Duarte |first7=C. M. |last8=Kortelainen |first8=P. |last9=Downing |first9=J. A. |last10=Middelburg |first10=J. J. |last11=Melack |first11=J. |title=Plumbing the Global Carbon Cycle: Integrating Inland Waters into the Terrestrial Carbon Budget |journal=Ecosystems |date=23 May 2007 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=172–185 |doi=10.1007/s10021-006-9013-8 |bibcode=2007Ecosy..10..172C |citeseerx=10.1.1.177.3527 |s2cid=1728636 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tranvik |first1=Lars J. |last2=Downing |first2=John A. |last3=Cotner |first3=James B. |last4=Loiselle |first4=Steven A. |last5=Striegl |first5=Robert G. |last6=Ballatore |first6=Thomas J. |last7=Dillon |first7=Peter |last8=Finlay |first8=Kerri |last9=Fortino |first9=Kenneth |last10=Knoll |first10=Lesley B. |last11=Kortelainen |first11=Pirkko L. |last12=Kutser |first12=Tiit |last13=Larsen |first13=Soren |last14=Laurion |first14=Isabelle |last15=Leech |first15=Dina M. |last16=McCallister |first16=S. Leigh |last17=McKnight |first17=Diane M. |last18=Melack |first18=John M. |last19=Overholt |first19=Erin |last20=Porter |first20=Jason A. |last21=Prairie |first21=Yves |last22=Renwick |first22=William H. |last23=Roland |first23=Fabio |last24=Sherman |first24=Bradford S. |last25=Schindler |first25=David W. |last26=Sobek |first26=Sebastian |last27=Tremblay |first27=Alain |last28=Vanni |first28=Michael J. |last29=Verschoor |first29=Antonie M. |last30=von Wachenfeldt |first30=Eddie |last31=Weyhenmeyer |first31=Gesa A. |title=Lakes and reservoirs as regulators of carbon cycling and climate |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |date=November 2009 |volume=54 |issue=6part2 |pages=2298–2314 |doi=10.4319/lo.2009.54.6_part_2.2298 |bibcode=2009LimOc..54.2298T |hdl=10852/11601 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Raymond |first1=Peter A. |last2=Hartmann |first2=Jens |last3=Lauerwald |first3=Ronny |last4=Sobek |first4=Sebastian |last5=McDonald |first5=Cory |last6=Hoover |first6=Mark |last7=Butman |first7=David |last8=Striegl |first8=Robert |last9=Mayorga |first9=Emilio |last10=Humborg |first10=Christoph |last11=Kortelainen |first11=Pirkko |last12=Dürr |first12=Hans |last13=Meybeck |first13=Michel |last14=Ciais |first14=Philippe |last15=Guth |first15=Peter |title=Global carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters |journal=Nature |date=21 November 2013 |volume=503 |issue=7476 |pages=355–359 |doi=10.1038/nature12760 |pmid=24256802 |bibcode=2013Natur.503..355R |s2cid=4460910 |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-213816 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Engel |first1=Fabian |last2=Farrell |first2=Kaitlin J. |last3=McCullough |first3=Ian M. |last4=Scordo |first4=Facundo |last5=Denfeld |first5=Blaize A. |last6=Dugan |first6=Hilary A. |last7=de Eyto |first7=Elvira |last8=Hanson |first8=Paul C. |last9=McClure |first9=Ryan P. |last10=Nõges |first10=Peeter |last11=Nõges |first11=Tiina |last12=Ryder |first12=Elizabeth |last13=Weathers |first13=Kathleen C. |last14=Weyhenmeyer |first14=Gesa A. |title=A lake classification concept for a more accurate global estimate of the dissolved inorganic carbon export from terrestrial ecosystems to inland waters |journal=The Science of Nature |date=26 March 2018 |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=25 |doi=10.1007/s00114-018-1547-z |pmid=29582138 |pmc=5869952 |bibcode=2018SciNa.105...25E }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=O'Reilly |first1=Catherine M. |last2=Sharma |first2=Sapna |last3=Gray |first3=Derek K. |last4=Hampton |first4=Stephanie E. |last5=Read |first5=Jordan S. |last6=Rowley |first6=Rex J. |last7=Schneider |first7=Philipp |last8=Lenters |first8=John D. |last9=McIntyre |first9=Peter B. |last10=Kraemer |first10=Benjamin M. |last11=Weyhenmeyer |first11=Gesa A. |last12=Straile |first12=Dietmar |last13=Dong |first13=Bo |last14=Adrian |first14=Rita |last15=Allan |first15=Mathew G. |last16=Anneville |first16=Orlane |last17=Arvola |first17=Lauri |last18=Austin |first18=Jay |last19=Bailey |first19=John L. |last20=Baron |first20=Jill S. |last21=Brookes |first21=Justin D. |last22=Eyto |first22=Elvira de |last23=Dokulil |first23=Martin T. |last24=Hamilton |first24=David P. |last25=Havens |first25=Karl |last26=Hetherington |first26=Amy L. |last27=Higgins |first27=Scott N. |last28=Hook |first28=Simon |last29=Izmest'eva |first29=Lyubov R. |last30=Joehnk |first30=Klaus D. |last31=Kangur |first31=Kulli |last32=Kasprzak |first32=Peter |last33=Kumagai |first33=Michio |last34=Kuusisto |first34=Esko |last35=Leshkevich |first35=George |last36=Livingstone |first36=David M. |last37=MacIntyre |first37=Sally |last38=May |first38=Linda |last39=Melack |first39=John M. |last40=Mueller-Navarra |first40=Doerthe C. |last41=Naumenko |first41=Mikhail |last42=Noges |first42=Peeter |last43=Noges |first43=Tiina |last44=North |first44=Ryan P. |last45=Plisnier |first45=Pierre-Denis |last46=Rigosi |first46=Anna |last47=Rimmer |first47=Alon |last48=Rogora |first48=Michela |last49=Rudstam |first49=Lars G. |last50=Rusak |first50=James A. |last51=Salmaso |first51=Nico |last52=Samal |first52=Nihar R. |last53=Schindler |first53=Daniel E. |last54=Schladow |first54=S. Geoffrey |last55=Schmid |first55=Martin |last56=Schmidt |first56=Silke R. |last57=Silow |first57=Eugene |last58=Soylu |first58=M. Evren |last59=Teubner |first59=Katrin |last60=Verburg |first60=Piet |last61=Voutilainen |first61=Ari |last62=Watkinson |first62=Andrew |last63=Williamson |first63=Craig E. |last64=Zhang |first64=Guoqing |title=Rapid and highly variable warming of lake surface waters around the globe |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |date=2015 |volume=42 |issue=24 |pages=10,773–10,781 |doi=10.1002/2015gl066235 |bibcode=2015GeoRL..4210773O |doi-access=free |hdl=10289/10465 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Limnology is closely related to [[aquatic ecology]] and [[hydrobiology]], which study aquatic organisms and their interactions with the abiotic (non-living) environment. While limnology has substantial overlap with freshwater-focused disciplines (e.g., [[freshwater biology]]), it also includes the study of inland salt lakes.